Ecology test 2

Question 1

What is the difference between genes and alleles?

Answer 1

Alleles are different forms of a particular gene

Question 2

When a single gene affects multiple traits:

Answer 2

Pleiotrophy

Question 3

When a single trait is affected by several genes:

Answer 3

polygenic

Question 4

When the expression of one gene is controlled by another

Answer 4

epistasis

Question 5

When both alleles contribute to the phenotype they are said to be

Answer 5

codominant

Question 6

The chromosomes in a haploid gamete are a ___ of the chromosomes of the diploid parent.

Answer 6

random assortment

Question 7

Sources of genetic recombination are:

Answer 7

random assortment, mutations, and recombination (and crossing over) which occurs as DNA is being copied during meiosis.

Question 8

When individuals with intermediate phenotypes have a higher survival and reproductive success . than those with extreme phenotypes:

Answer 8

Stabilizing selection

Question 9

When an individual with an extreme phenotype experience higher fitness than the average phenotype of the population

Answer 9

directional selection

Question 10

When individuals with either extreme phenotype experience higher fitness than individuals with an intermediate phenotype.

Answer 10

disruptive selection

Question 11

The evolution of populations is known as

Answer 11

microevolution

Question 12

The higher level evolution is referred to as

Answer 12

macroevolution

Question 13

What is the difference between allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation?

Answer 13

Allopatric speciation occurs through the process of geographic isolation

Question 14

sympatric speciation can occur through polyploidy. Polyploid species contain:

Answer 14

three or more sets of chromosomes.

Question 15

The number of offspring produced by an organism per reproductive episode is known as

Answer 15

fecundity

Question 16

The number of reproductive episodes an organism experiences:

Answer 16

parity

Question 17

Why do organisms experience life history trade-offs?

Answer 17

Organisms often have limited time, energy, and nutrients at their disposal.

Question 18

When resources are devoted to one body structure, physiological function, or behavior, they cannot be allotted to another according to this principle.

Answer 18

The principle of allocation.

Question 19

Some common life history trade-offs are

Answer 19

offspring number versus offspring size, offspring number versus parental care, fecundity and parental care versus parental survival, growth versus age of sexual maturity and life span.

Question 20

when organisms can only reproduce once during their life

Answer 20

semelparity

Question 21

when organisms can reproduce multiple times during their life

Answer 21

iteroparity

Question 22

parity does not tell us whether an organisms’s life history is one year (or ______) or if an organism’s life span is more than one year (or _____)

Answer 22

annual, perennial

Question 23

The gradual decrease in fecundity with an increase in the probability of mortality

Answer 23

senescence

Question 24

The 50 percent reduction in the number of a parent’s genes passed on to the next generation via sexual reproduction versus asexual reproduction.

Answer 24

cost of meiosis

Question 25

Flowers that have both male and female parts are

Answer 25

perfect flowers

Question 26

when individuals posses both male and female reproduction functions at the same time

Answer 26

simultaneous hermaphrodites

Question 27

individuals that posses male or female reproductive function and then switch to posses the other

Answer 27

sequential hermaphrodites

Question 28

plants that have separate male and female flowers on the same individual plant are

Answer 28

monecious

Question 29

plants that have only male or female flowers are

Answer 29

dioecious

Question 30

When competition for mates occurs in a very limited area (like in the fig wasp example) and only a few males are required to fertilize all the females.

Answer 30

local mate competition

Question 31

the location of an animal aggregation to put on a display to attract the opposite sex

Answer 31

lek

Question 32

Characterized by several adults living in a group with an overlapping of generations, cooperation in brooding and nesting, and reproductive dominance with sterile individuals present.

Answer 32

eusociality

Question 33

A sex-determination system in which one sex is haploid and the other sex is diploid.

Answer 33

haplodiploid

Question 34

According to Grime’s life history triangle, these types of plants have a slow growth rate, reach sexual maturity late, use little energy to produce seeds, often use vegetative reproduction.

Answer 34

Stress tolerators (examples include cacti and tundra plants.)

Question 35

According to Grime’s life history triangle, these types of plants grow relatively fast, reach sexual maturity at an early age, use little energy to produce seeds because they often spread through vegetative reproduction important.

Answer 35

Competitors

Question 36

According to Grime’s life history triangle, these types of plants grow fast, reach sexual maturity early, use a high portion of energy in seed production, and do not utilize vegetative reproduction often.

Answer 36

Ruderals