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Biology (9th) > Ecology Test > Flashcards

Ecology Test Flashcards

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1
Q

organism

A

one living thing

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2
Q

species

A

organisms that are similar and can interbreed, producing fertile offspring

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3
Q

population

A

all the members of one species in an area

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4
Q

community

A

all the populations (a bunch of diff species/living organisms) in one area

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5
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving component of an ecosystem

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6
Q

biotic

A

living or once living component of an ecosystem

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7
Q

biome

A

an area classified according to the species that live in that location (regional or global community of organisms determined by the climatic conditions + plants that grow there)

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8
Q

niche

A

job of an organism

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9
Q

give examples of land biomes

A

grassland, dessert, forest

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10
Q

give examples of aquatic biomes

A

freshwater lakes, coral reefs, open ocean

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11
Q

what 2 things help determine what land biome is present

A

temp + average precipitation

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12
Q

what 3 things help determine what aquatic biome is present

A

Salinity, Depth, Ponds

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13
Q

which way does the arrow go in food chain

A

it points towards the organism that is eating the other organism

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14
Q

herbivore

A

only eats plants

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15
Q

carnivore

A

only eats animals

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16
Q

omnivore

A

eats both plants and animals

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17
Q

decomposers

A

break down + recycle dead material

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18
Q

why cant an organism have access to all of the resources it could use for its niche.

A

Competition for resources prevents the organisms from using all of the avalible resources.

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19
Q

why is it good to have a lot of species diversity, that is many diff. species in an area.

A

The more species we have, the healthier the ecosystem is.

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20
Q

open system

A

system that things can move into and out of (a closed system doesn’t allow this)

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21
Q

food chain

A

single pathway of a feeding relationship among organisms.

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22
Q

food web

A

shows many interconnected food chains

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23
Q

trophic levels

A

shows an organism’s place in the transfer of energy through a food chain or food web

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24
Q

what direction is the flow of energy between trophic levels

A

flows from the bottom to the top

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25
Q

where in a trophic level pyramid do you find the highest # of organisms

A

producers
(bottom)

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26
Q

where in a trophic level pyramid do you find the lowest # of organisms

A

quaternary consumers
(top)

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27
Q

in a trophic level pyramid, does all the energy from each organism get transferred to the next level?

A

no, only 10% of the energy is transferred to the next.

28
Q

which level in the pyramid contains the greatest amount of energy?

A

Producers
(bottom)

29
Q

name the levels in the trophic level pyramid from top to bottom

A

quaternary consumers
tertiary consumers
secondary consumers
primary consumers (herbivores)
producers (capture energy)

30
Q

in a food chain, does all the energy in each organism transfer to that organism that eats it?

A

no, some energy is lost to heat + other is stored in bones which aren’t edible.

31
Q

biomass

A

almost of organic mater (living or once living) in case a specific area

32
Q

does the biomass increase or decrease as you move up the pyramid energy

A

as you do up the pyramid the biomass goes down/decreases

33
Q

what are the 6 diff types of community interactions

A

competition
predation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism

34
Q

when does competition occur

A

when organisms of the same or diff species attempt to use the same ecological resource in the same place at the same time

35
Q

resource

A

anything that is required for life (Ex: food, water, light, nesting, sites, room to grow)

36
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

when organisms are competing for the same resource, there is often a winner + loser. the winner thrives + the loser fails to survive.

37
Q

character displacement

A

when 2 species are intense competitors one or both species may evolve niche differences or anatomical differences that lessen the intensity of the competition.

38
Q

when is competition most intense

A

when its between closer related species

39
Q

resource partitioning

A

when similar species coexist, each species uses only part of the available resources

40
Q

predation

A

an interaction in which one organism captures + feeds on another organism

41
Q

what characteristics does prey have to avoid being captured?

A

speed
camouflage
poisonous

42
Q

Mimicry

A

form of deception used by the prey as a means of defense against being eaten

43
Q

what characteristics do plants have to avoid being eaten?

A

thorns
sticky hairs
tough leaves
(may also produce chemical compounds that are poisons or taste bad)

44
Q

Symbiosis

A

a close relationship + permanent relationship between organisms + diff species

45
Q

3 types of symbiotic relationships

A

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

46
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefits from the relationship (some are so close that neither species can survive w/o each other)

47
Q

commensalism

A

the relationship between 2 diff species in which one species benefits from the relationship. the other is neither harmed nor helped

48
Q

parasitism

A

2 diff species in which 1 is helped + the other is harmed

49
Q

2 diff types of parasites

A

ectoparasites
endoparasites

50
Q

ectoparasites

A

external parasites. live on host but don’t enter
(Ex: leeches, ticks, fleas, lice)

51
Q

endoparasites

A

internal parasites. live inside the host
(Ex: bacteria, protists, tapeworms)

52
Q

species richness

A

the # of diff species found in the community

53
Q

species diversity

A

the relationship between the # of species

54
Q

Where does species richness mostly take place

A

it is greatest in the tropical rain forest + varies with latitude. the closer tho community is to the equator the more species

55
Q

species - area effect

A

a pattern of species richness is that larger areas usually contain more species that smaller areas do.

56
Q

what is the result of habitat destruction

A

the extinction of species

57
Q

Disturbance

A

an event that changes a community by removing organisms from it or altering resource availability (Ex: storm, fire, flood, drought, over farming, human activity)

58
Q

Succession

A

the gradual sequential regrowth of an area following a disturbance

59
Q

2 diff types of succession

A

primary
secondary

60
Q

primary succession

A

the development of a community in an area that has not previously supported life (Ex: an island formed by a volcanic eruption)

61
Q

secondary succession

A

the replacement of species that follow a disturbance in an already existing community

62
Q

pioneer species

A

organisms that are generally the 1st to colonize an area (appear early is succession)

63
Q

climax community

A

when the community proceeds through a series of stages until it reaches a stable end point (remains constant for a long period of time)

64
Q

ecology

A

the study of living things + their interactions with each other + the environment

65
Q
A

Biology (9th) (4 decks)

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