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Biology (9th) > Chemistry Test > Flashcards

Chemistry Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that can’t be broken down any further and made of one kind of atom

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2
Q

Matter

A

Made up of elements, has mass, and takes up space

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3
Q

What are the most common elements of life in the human body?

A

1) Oxygen
2) Carbon
3) Hydrogen
4) Nitrogen

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4
Q

Compound

A

A chemical substance made up of 2 or more different elements that chemically combine together in a specific ratio

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5
Q

Valence Electron

A

Electrons in the outermost shell

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6
Q

Elements can chemically combine to form what?

A

Pure chemical substances

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7
Q

Mixture

A

A physical combination of two or more diff. chemical substances

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8
Q

What is the difference between compound and mixture?

A

A compound is a chemical substance that is made up of 2 or more different elements that chemically combine together and a mixture is a physical combination of 2 or more different chemical substances.

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9
Q

Molecules

A

A group of elements joined together

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10
Q

Atom

A

smallest unit of matter made of subatomic particles

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11
Q

How are electrons important in bonding?

A

They determine the bonding pattern of an atom. Atoms interact with other atoms to create a full outermost shell of electrons. An atom either gives up or receives electron to obtain a full outer shell.

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12
Q

Combustion

A

A chemical process that involves the rapid combination of a substance with oxygen to produce heat and light

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13
Q

What do you need in order for combustion to take place?

A

1) air (oxygen)
2) gas (fuel)

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14
Q

What type of reaction is combustion?

A

exothermic

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15
Q

Chemical reaction

A

The process that leads to the change of one set of chemical substances into another (a chemical change)

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16
Q

Reactants

A

The substances that undergo the transformation (the substances to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation)

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17
Q

Products

A

The substances that form during a chemical reaction(the substances to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation)

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18
Q

What are some clues that help you indicated whether a chemical reaction is taking place?

A
  • precipitation forms
  • burst of light/ sparks
  • temp changes
  • bubbles appearing
  • odor develops
  • color changes
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19
Q

Chemical bond

A

an attraction between atoms that form a molecule

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20
Q

What type of electrons are better to make chemical bonds?

A

outermost shell electrons

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21
Q

In a chemical equation which comes first, reactants or products?

A

Reactants –> Products
Reactants come first
(search it up for more info)

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22
Q

What symbol in a chemical equation is used to show the state of matter of each substance?

A

Parenthesis (to the right of the chemical formula of each substance)

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23
Q

Ion

A

a charged atom that has lost or gained electrons to create a full outermost shell

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24
Q

Ionic Bond

A

It occurs when negatively charged and positively charged ions are attracted to each other (they are attracted to each other because they are oppositely charged) and one atom transfers electrons to another atom.

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25
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

A weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen and partially negative atom

26
Q

Solvent

A

dissolving agent (Ex: water)

27
Q

Solute

A

dissolving substance (Ex: salt)

28
Q

Solution

A

solute and solvent combined (Ex: Salt water)

29
Q

Aqueous solution

A

Any solution in which the solvent is water

30
Q

pH scale

A

It measures how acidic or basic a substance is, ranging from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.

31
Q

Acids

A

Releases H+ in the solution, pH = less that 7

32
Q

Bases

A

Accepts H+ from solution, pH greater than 7

33
Q

Buffers

A

regulate changes in pH by binding or releasing H+

34
Q

Difference between ionic and covalent bonding?

A

ionic bond - one atom transfers electron to another atom (creates a positive and negative ion)

covalent bond - atoms share electrons

35
Q

Ionic bonds form between what?

A

metals and nonmetals

36
Q

Covalent bonds form between what?

A

nonmetals

37
Q

What are diatomic molecules made of?

A

2 atoms of the same element combined together

38
Q

Electronegnativity

A

The tendency of an atom to attract an electron.

39
Q

What is the relationship between electronegnativity and valence electrons?

A

As the number of valence electrons increases, electronegativity increases

40
Q

What kind of atom has the highest electronegativity?

A

Atoms with a small atomic radius and many electrons

41
Q

What is hydrogen bonding responsible for?

A
  • Water’s high boiling point
  • Water’s special properties
    (cohesion, adhesion, and
    surface tension)
42
Q

What type of reaction do bubbles indicate when there is a change in state of matter?

A

Gas

43
Q

What type of reaction does precipitate indicate?

A

Solid

44
Q

How is nuclear reaction different from a chemical reaction?

A

A chemical reaction involves the interactions of atoms’ electrons. Nuclear reactions involves the subatomic particles within the nuclei of atoms (protons and neutrons)

45
Q

Why is it difficult for scientists to control fusion?

A

Fusion requires a very hot environment + high temperature plasma. Since plasma’s temperature is so high, it cannot touch anything, and must be kept in a vacuum.

46
Q

How would the universe be different without fusion?

A

Without fusion we would not have the elements that make up plants, living things, and other substances

47
Q

Compare what happens to the temperature of the surroundings during an endothermic reaction to an exothermic reaction?

A

Endothermic decrease the temperature in the surroundings because the thermal energy is absorbed. The temperature in the surroundings increase in exothermic reactions because thermal energy is released.

48
Q

What would happen to a DNA molecule without hydrogen bonding?

A

The DNA strand would unravel without hydrogen bonding

49
Q

What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a non polar covalent bond?

A

With non-polar covalent bonds, atoms share electrons equally. With polar covalent bonds they don’t share equally

50
Q

Explain how sodium, which has one valence electron, forms a bond with chlorine, which has 7 valence electrons.

A

Sodium transfers its electron to chlorine to form a full outer shell

51
Q

What electrons are most important electron in a chemical bond?

A

Valence Electrons

52
Q

What is a diatomic bond?

A

A bond between two atoms of the same element (also 2 atoms in a diatomic molecule)

53
Q

What property determines what type of bond two atoms form?

A

Electronegativity

54
Q

What does not indicate a chemical reaction has taken place?

A

Phase change

From one state to another (Ex: solid, liquid, gas)

55
Q

What type of energy is that associated with forming and breaking chemical bonds?

A

Chemical energy

56
Q

What are atoms that form one bond called?

A

Single covalent bond

57
Q

What type of radiation is currently used to generate electricity?

A

Fission

58
Q

What is the most dangerous form of radiation?

A

Gamma

59
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

The breakdown of radioactive isotopes into stable elements

60
Q

What is transmutation?

A

Atoms of one element are changed into atoms of a different element or isotope

Biology (9th) (4 decks)

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