ecology quiz 4 <3 Flashcards
14.4 What does the Lotka-Volterra model assume?
The model of predator-prey interactions assumes mutual regulation of predator and prey populations
14.4 Link between the growth of predator and prey population is described by?
Consumption of prey
14.4 For predator population, what does cNprey represent?
regulation of population growth through reproduction
14.4 For prey population what does cNprey represent?
regulations of population growth through mortality
14.4 What 2 responses is the result of the regulation of predator population growth?
functional & numerical
14.4 Predator population growth depends on per capita rate….
at which prey are captured
14.4 Define predator’s functional response
change in rate of exploitation(consumption) of prey species by predators in relation to changing prey density
14.4 Increased consumption of prey results in…
increase in predator production
14.4 Define predator’s numerical response
change in size of population of predators in response to changes in density of its prey
14.5 What is the key factor influencing predators ability to regulate prey population?
the predators rate of consumption response to changes in prey population
14.5 Define Type 1 functional response
number of prey captures per unit time by predator - increases linearly with increasing number of prey
14.5 Type 1 is limited in…
description of predator to prey abundancee
14.5 Reasons for type 1 being limited?
a. assumes predators never become satiated
b. predators limited by handling time
14.5 Define Type 2 functional response
per capita rate of predation increases in decelerating fashion - reaching max rate at some high prey pop size
14.5 Value of Ne approaches asymptote is related to?
predators time budget
14.5 The two components for total amount of time predator spends feeding(T) is?
- time spent searching for prey (Ts)
- time spent handle prey once encountered (Th)
14.5 Total time spent feeding is?
T= Ts + Th
14.5 As prey abundance increase, number of prey captured during T…
increases (easier to find prey)
14.5 At high prey density, search time approaches ___ and predator is effectively spending all its time ____
0, handling prey
14.5 Define Type 3 functional response
rate of prey consumed is slow at first then increase in sigmoid fashion as rate of predation reaches maximum
14.5 S shape curve for Type 3 can be due to…
predators search image
14.5 Define search image
mental image of predators, enabling them to find prey more quickly and concentrate on common type of prey - way to recognize species as potential food item
14.5 What is another face that results in Type 3?
relative abundance of different/alternative species
14.5 Define switching
act of turning to abundant/alternative species - changing diet from less to more abundant prey species
14.7 Time spent foraging must be ____ against other time constraints such as….
balance; defense, searching for mates, caring for young
14.7 Define optimal foraging theory
tendency of animals to harvest food efficiently - selecting food sizes that supply maximum food intake for energy expended.
14.7 Hypothesis is that natural selections favors ___
efficient foragers
14.7 What do efficient foragers involve?
what food to eat, where and how long to search, how to search
14.7 How are cost and benefits measured
a. benefits measured in terms of energy/nutrient gain (fitness)
b. cost measured in terms of time and energy expended in act of foraging
15.1 Parasitism is a type of…
symbiotic relationship between organism of different species
15.1 parasite ____ from host
benefits
15.1 Parasites are ____ than their host and reproduce ___ ___ in greater numbers
smaller, more quickly
15.1 Define infection
diseases condition arising when pathogenic microorganisms enter a body, become established, and multiply (heavy load of parasites)
15,1 Define disease
outcome of infection
15.1 Parasites are distinguish by size:
microparasites and macroparasites
15.1 Define microparasites
any viruses, bacteria, protozoan, characterize by small size, short generation time, and rapid multiplication - often direct transmission but carries are used sometimes
15.1 Define macroparasites
any parasitic worms, lice, fungi, those with long generation times, spread direct or indirect, may involved intermediate hosts or vectors
15.1 Macroparasites ___ complete entire life cycle in single-host organisms
do not
15.1 Direct vs Indirect
direct: host to host vs indirect: host & carries
15.1 Parasitic plants can be _____ or ____ and its based on…
holoparasites or hemiparasites and based on whether they do photosynthesis
15.1 Define hemiparasites
a parasitic plant that contains chlorophyll and capable of photosynthesis - connects host to xylem
15.1 Define holoparasites
parasitic plant that contains no chlorophyll and is not capable of photosynthesis - it cannot exist without host plant; they rely on xylem and phloem for nutrients
15.2 Define ectoparasites
parasite that lives in fur, feathers, or skin of host
15.2 Define endoparasites
parasites that live within body of host - bloodstream, etc…
15.2 Parasites of plants also ___ habitat
divide
15.2 Major problem for parasites?
gaining access to and escaping the host
15.3 Direct transmission can occur when?
when parasite is transferred from one host to another without involvement of intermediate organisms
15.4 Some parasites are transmitted between __ by ____ or ____
host, intermediate organism, vector
15.4 Examples of indirect transmission?
malaria parasites - transmitted to bloodstream by bite of infected female mosquito
mistletoes transmission is linked through seed dispersal - bird feces as they eat the fruit
