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AP Bio > Ecology pt 2 (ch. 54-56) > Flashcards

Ecology pt 2 (ch. 54-56) Flashcards

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1
Q

community

A

group of populations of different species living close enough to interact

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2
Q

inter-specific interactions

A

may be positive, negative, or neutral for one species

includes competition, predation, and symbioses
-competition between two different species for resources, like food

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3
Q

inter-

A

between different groups

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4
Q

intra-

A

within the same group

Ex: 2 males fighting over a territory

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5
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place

(when two species are vying for a resource, eventually the one with the slight reproductive advantage will eliminate the other)

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6
Q

ecological niche

A

sum total of biotic and abiotic resources that the species uses in its environment

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7
Q

fundamental niche

A

niche potentially occupied by the species

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8
Q

realized niche

A

portion of the fundamental niche the species actually occupies

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9
Q

Predation; defenses for predators

A

one species is the predator and eats the other species, the prey.

Defenses:
cryptic coloration
aposematic coloration
mimicry (2 types)

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10
Q

Differences between Batesian mimicry and Mülerian mimicry

A
  1. referring to a situation in which a harmless species has evolved to mimic the coloration of an unpalatable or harmful species
  2. two bad-tasting species resemble each other, ostensibly so that predators will learn to avoid them equally
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11
Q

herbivory +/- interaction

What are plant’s main protective devices?

A

herbivore eats part of a plant or alga

chemical toxins, spines, thorns

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12
Q

Symbiosis (3 types of interactions within)

A

Parisitism
Mutualism
Commensalism

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13
Q

Species diversity

A

measures the number of different species in a community (species richness) AND the relative abundance of each species

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14
Q

trophic structure of a community

A

feeding relationships among the organisms

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15
Q

tropic levels

A

links in the trophic structure of a community

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16
Q

food web

A

consist of 2 or more food chains linked together

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17
Q

dominant species

A

highest BIOMASS in a community (sum weight of a population) or are the most abundant

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18
Q

keystone species

A

exert control on community structure by their important ecological niche

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19
Q

disturbance

A

storm, fire, flood, drought, or human activity
(changes a community- removing organisms OR changing resource availability)

moderate levels create conditions with greatest species diversity

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20
Q

ecological succession

A

transitions in species composition in a certain are a over ecological time

primary & secondary succession

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21
Q

primary succession

A

no soil after a disturbance
takes a very long time
pioneer species
-volcanic island

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22
Q

secondary succession

A

soil intact after a disturbance

-abandoned farm

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23
Q

2 biogeographic factors important in community diversity

A

latitude- generally more abundant and diverse in tropics

area- larger the area, more species it has (if all other factors are equal)

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24
Q

Island biogeography

A

rates of immigration/extinction affected by…

size, distance from the mainland

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25
Q

ecosystem

A

the sum of all the organisms living within its boundaries (biotic community) and all the abiotic factors with which they interact.

____ processes include: energy flow and chemical cycling

26
Q

Can energy be recycled?

A

NO!!! It comes from the sun!
It cannot be created nor destroyed.
It can be traced through the feeding or tropic levels in food chains/webs.
Some of it is always lost as heat.

27
Q

Are energy conversions efficient (according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics)?

A

No. Some energy is always lost as heat. As it moves through food chains, much of the energy is lost as heat to the ecosystem

28
Q

primary producers

A

autotrophs

29
Q

heterotrophs

A

all organisms in trophic levels above primary consumers

30
Q

What type of consumers are herbivores?

A

primary consumers

31
Q

secondary &; tertiary consumers

A

consumers that eat herbivores

consumers that eat secondary _____

32
Q

detritivores/decomposers

A

consumers that get their energy from detrius, which is nonliving organic material such as the remains of dead organisms, feces, dead leaves, and wood.
Convert organic materials from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds that can be used by producers. Thus, nutrients cycle through ecosystems.

33
Q

primary production

A

the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs

the amount of all photosynthetic production sets the spending limit for the energy budget of the entire ecosystem.

34
Q

gross primary production (GPP)

A

total primary production in an ecosystem

NOT the amount of energy available to consumers. Some of the fuel molecules made by the producers must be used as fuel for their own cellular respiration

35
Q

Net primary production (NPP)

A

equal to gross primary production minus the energy used by the primary producers for their “autotrophic respiration”

___ = GPP- Rsub(a)

36
Q

factors that affect primary production in aquatic ecosystems

A

affected primarily by:
light availability (decreases with depth)
nutrient availability

37
Q

factors that affect primary production in terrestrial ecosystems

A

temperature and moisture

evapotranspiration combines both key terrestrial factors

38
Q

Types of ecological pyramids you can draw and explain

A

biomass pyramid
energy pyramid (can NEVER be inverted)
pyramid of numbers
biomass and number pyramids can be inverted

39
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

nutrient cycles that contain both biotic and abiotic components

40
Q

What are the four main biogeochemical cycles?

A

carbon, water, nitrogen, phosphorous

41
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

major pathway for ___ to enter an ecosystem. The conversion of N2 by bacteria to forms that can be used by plants

42
Q

detirification

A

process when bacteria releases nitrogen to the atmosphere

43
Q

bioremediation

A

the use of organisms, usually prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxifyf polluted ecosystems.
-has been used to restore areas degraded by mining or to remove oil or radioactive elements

44
Q

bioaugmentation

A

the introduction of desirable species such as nitrogen fixers to add essential nutrients

45
Q

____ flows through ecosystems, while ____ cycles within them.

A

Energy

Matter

46
Q

3 main levels of Biodiversity (biological diversity)

A

Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity

47
Q

What happens when a population drops below a minimum viable population (MVP) size?

A

The population’s loss of genetic variation due to nonrandom mating and genetic drift can trap it in an extinction vortex

48
Q

Biodiversity hot spot

A

A relatively small area with an exceptional concentration of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species.

They are also prime candidates for protection (bc places of extinction).

49
Q

Which human activity, in particular, alters nutrient cycling?

A

Agriculture.

Soil nitrogen is often depleted by crops.
Excess nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems can lead to eutrophication

50
Q

Acid precipitation

A

Rain, snow, or fog with a pH < 5.2

The oxides react with water to form sulfuric and nitric acid

51
Q

Biological magnification

A

Toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of a food web.

The toxins cannot be broken down biologically by normal chemical means, so they magnify in concentration through the food chain.

52
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

The absorption of heat the Earth experiences due to certain atmospheric gases

53
Q

Ozone layer

A

Reduces the amount of UV radiation penetration from the sun through the atmosphere

54
Q

energetic hypothesis

A

length (of a food chain) is limited by inefficient energy transfer

Ex: 10% rule (more data supports this)

55
Q

dynamic stability hypothesis

A

long food chains are less stable

56
Q

How can you simplify a food web?

A
  • group species with similar trophic relationships into broad functional groups
  • isolating: interacts very little with the rest of the community
57
Q

What are four major threats to biodiversity?

A
  1. habitat destruction
  2. introduced species
  3. global change
  4. overharvesting
58
Q

production efficiency

A

the fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration

____ = (NPP/assimilation of primary production)*100

59
Q

Which trophic levels are phytoplankton and zooplankton?

A

zoo___: primary consumers
phyto___: primary producers

60
Q

resource partitioning

A

idk

61
Q

character displacement

A

idk

62
Q

Shannon diversity index

A

idk

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