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Biol 3400 MTSU Walck > Ecology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Ecology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Individual

A

The most fundamental unit of ecology

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2
Q

Species

A

Individuals that are capable of interbreeding or share genetic similarity

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3
Q

Population

A

Individuals of the same species living in a particular area

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4
Q

Community

A

Populations living together in a particular area

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

One or more communities of living organisms interacting with their nonliving physical and Chemical environments

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6
Q

Biosphere

A

All ecosystems on earth

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7
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change form

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8
Q

Natural selection

A

Fitness dictates future phenotype

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9
Q

Protists

A

Eukaryotes that include Protozoa, algae, and slime molds

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10
Q

Producers

A

Or autotrophs convert chemical energy into resources

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11
Q

Consumers

A

Or heterotrophs obtain their energy from other organisms

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12
Q

Mixotrophs

A

Can switch between being producers and consumers

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13
Q

Scavengers

A

Consume dead animals

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14
Q

Detritivores

A

Break down dead organic matter

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15
Q

Decomposers

A

Break down detritus into simpler elements

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16
Q

Predation

A

When an organism kills and consumes an individual

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17
Q

Parasitism

A

When one organism lives in or on another organism

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18
Q

Herbivory

A

When one organism consumes producers

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19
Q

Competition

A

When two organisms have a negative effect on each other

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20
Q

Mutualism

A

When two species benefit from each other

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21
Q

Commensalism

A

When two species has one receive benefit from the other while one is unaffected

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22
Q

Habitat

A

The place or physical setting where an organism lives

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23
Q

Niche

A

The range of conditions an organism can tolerate

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24
Q

Manipulative experiments

A

Where a hypothesis is tested by altering a factor hypothesized to be the cause of a phenomenon

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25
Q

Treatment

A

The factor that we want to manipulate in a study

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26
Q

Control

A

A treatment that includes all aspects of an experiment except the factor of interest

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27
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

Compounds in atmosphere that absorb infrared heat energy then emit some back

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28
Q

Viscosity

A

The thickness of a fluid that causes objects to encounter resistance

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29
Q

Saturation

A

The upper limit of solubility in water

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30
Q

Acidity

A

The concentration of H+ ions in a solution

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31
Q

Low pH is

A

Acidic

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32
Q

High pH is

A

Basic

33
Q

Acid rain

A

Sulfur and nitrogen dioxide emitted by smokestacks

34
Q

Solutes

A

Dissolved substances in water

35
Q

Semipermeable membranes

A

Membranes that allow only particular molecules to pass through

36
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

37
Q

Osmotic potential

A

The force with which a solution attracts water by osmosis

38
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Mechanisms organisms use to maintain a proper solute balance

39
Q

Countercurrent circulation

A

Where blood and water flow in opposite directions so O2 concentration is greater in water than blood

40
Q

Anaerobic environment

A

An environment devoid of oxygen

41
Q

Thermophilic

A

Heat-loving (bacteria)

42
Q

Thermal pollution

A

Changing the temperature of an environment with human discharges

43
Q

Thermal optima

A

The range of temperatures in which an organism best performs

44
Q

Glycerol and glycoproteins

A

Chemicals that prevent freezing by reducing strength of hydrogen bonds or via supercooling

45
Q

Isozymes

A

Different forms of an enzyme that catalyze a reaction

46
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of the abundance and distribution of organisms in relation to other organisms and environmental conditions

47
Q

water potential

A

a measure of waters potential energy

48
Q

matrix potential

A

the potential energy generated by the attractive forces between water molecules and soil particles

49
Q

field capacity

A

the maximum amount of water held by soil against gravity

50
Q

wilting point

A

the point plants cant extract more water

51
Q

salinization

A

the process of repeated irrigation that causes increased soil salinity

52
Q

cohesion

A

the mutual attraction of water molecules

53
Q

root pressure

A

when osmotic potential in the roots of a plant draws in water

54
Q

transpiration

A

the process by which leaves can generate water potential as water evaporates from leaves

55
Q

cohesion-tension theory

A

the mechanism of water movement from roots to leaves due to water cohesion and water tension

56
Q

stomata

A

small openings on leaf surfaces bordered by guard cells that open and close it

57
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

energy from the sun in photons

58
Q

chloroplasts

A

specialized cell organelles found in eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms

59
Q

photosynthesis

A

process of combining CO2, H2O and solar energy to produce glucose

60
Q

homeostasis

A

an organisms ability to maintain constant internal conditions

61
Q

radiation

A

the emission of electromagnetic energy

62
Q

conduction

A

the transfer of the kinetic energy of heat between substances that are in contact

63
Q

convection

A

the transfer of heat by movement of liquids and gases

64
Q

body size and heat

A

volume increases faster than surface area; large animals lose and gain heat less rapidly than small animals

65
Q

thermoregulation

A

the ability of an organism to control the temperature of its body

66
Q

homeotherms

A

organisms that maintain constant temperature

67
Q

poikilotherms

A

organisms that do not have constant body temperatures

68
Q

ectotherms

A

organisms with body temperatures determined by their external environment

69
Q

endotherms

A

organisms that can generate metabolic heat to raise body temperature higher than the external environment

70
Q

weather

A

the variation in temperature and precipitation over periods of hours or days

71
Q

climate

A

the typical atmospheric conditions that occur through the year

72
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

the ability of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes

73
Q

acclimation

A

environmentally induced change in an individuals psychology

74
Q

microhabitats

A

locations within a habitat that differ in environmental conditions from the rest of the habitat

75
Q

dormancy

A

condition in which organisms dramatically reduce their metabolic processes

76
Q

diapause

A

involves a partial or complete physiological shutdown in response to unfavorable conditions

77
Q

hibernation

A

individuals reduce the energetic costs of being active by lowering heart rate and decreasing body temperatures

78
Q

torpor

A

a brief period of dormancy

79
Q

aestivation

A

shutting down of metabolic processes during summer in hot or dry conditions

Biol 3400 MTSU Walck (8 decks)

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