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biology > ecology - B7 > Flashcards

ecology - B7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a poulation

A

the amount of organisms of a particular species living in a habitat

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2
Q

what is a habitat

A

the place where an organism lives

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3
Q

what is a community

A

when different populations live in the same habitat

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4
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

when a community living organisms interact with the now-living organisms in their environment

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5
Q

what is competition

A

where organisms of the same or different species compete for limited resources

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6
Q

what do animals compete for

A

water
food
territory/space
mates

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7
Q

what do plants compete for

A

water
light
minerals
space

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8
Q

what is interdependence

A

when different species in an ecosystem depend on each other

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9
Q

what are examples of biotic factors

A

predation
disease
availability of food
availability of habitats

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10
Q

what are examples of abiotic factors

A

temperature
wind intensity
pH
levels of minerals
carbon dioxide levels
moisture levels

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11
Q

what are the three types of adaptations

A

structural
functional
behaviourial

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12
Q

what is a structural adaptation and give examples

A

it is how an organism is physically
includes:
shape
colour

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13
Q

what are behavioural adaptations and give examples

A

is how an organisms behaves and the actions it does
includes:
spitting if feeling threatened
choosing to eat certain types of food

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14
Q

what are functional adaptations and give examples

A

it is the processes that happens inside an organism
includes:
the way it metabolises
producing venom

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15
Q

what is an extremophile

A

a microorganism like bacteria or archaea that is adapted to live in extreme conditions such as high temperatures

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16
Q

what is a producer

A

an animal that makes its own food, usually from photosynthesis

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17
Q

what is a primary consumer and a secondary consumer

A

primary consumer - eats the producer, usually herbivores
secondary consumers - east the primary consumer, carnivores or omnivores

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18
Q

what are prey

A

an animal that is hunted and killed for food

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19
Q

what is a predator

A

an animal that hunts and kills other animals for its own food

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20
Q

what does a quadrat measure

A

abundance

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21
Q

what does a transect measure

A

changes in distribution

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22
Q

what is sampling and why is it done

A

sampling is only counting a subset of organisms in a habitat as counting the whole thing is very difficult and time consuming

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23
Q

what is the water cycle

A

-water evaporated from bodies of water and from plants in transpiration
-in condenses to form clouds
-it then falls from the clouds as precipitation which is fresh water
-is can fall back int the oceans, fall through rocks to form aquifers of be taken up by plants via the roots

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24
Q

what is the carbon cycle

A

-plants take carbon dioxide form the air and it is then locked in glucose
-animals eat plants
-both animals and plants respire which releases carbon
-when animals and plants die, decomposers (bacteria and fungi) breaks them down in aerobic conditions and do microbial respiration which releases carbon
-the decomposers also release ions and minerals into the soil
-or they can decompose anaerobically and form fossil fuels
-which we burn which releases carbon into the air

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25
Q

what is decomposition

A

breaking down organic matter into simpler organic matter or inorganic matter

26
Q

which two things decompose

A

detritus feeders - worms and woodlice
decomposers - fungi and bacteria

27
Q

how does oxygen help with decomposition

A

more oxygen = more aerobic respiration for decomposers
-= more energy
- = faster decomposition

28
Q

how does temperature help with decomposition

A
  • higher temperature = enzymes work faster
  • = increased rate of decomposition
29
Q

how does water help with decomposition

A
  • decomposers need water to decompose
    -because many reactions involve water
30
Q

what happens if the soil become water logged

A

the air holes fill with water
- = less oxygen
- = less aerobic respiration
- = less energy
- = decreased rate of decomposition

31
Q

what is compost

A
  • when dead plant matter is decomposed and the soil is used for fertiliser as it contains carbon dioxide, nitrogen and magnesium
32
Q

what is biogas

A

when dead animal or plant matter is kept underground to decompose anaerobically
-and the gases produced , like methane, are used as fuel

33
Q

what is left over in biogas generators

A

slugde- can be used as a fertiliser

34
Q

what is biodiversity

A

the variation of species of organsims living in the earth or in an ecosystem

35
Q

why is biodiveristy important

A

maintains a stable ecosystem
use different species of from pollination
get medicinal drugs from the wild

36
Q

how is overpopulation damaging biodiveristy

A
  • overpopulation = more resources (fossil fuels) = we run our or we damage land to harvest them ( deforestation for grazing cattle food and biofuel)
    we produce more waste
37
Q

how does waste damage the air

A

waste from industrial processes and fossil fuel = sulphur dioxide which harms and brings acid rain

38
Q

how does waste damage the water

A

sewage and fertilisers filter into bodies of water which harm animals

39
Q

how does waste damage the land

A

toxic chemicals from landfills and nuclear storage can filter into ecosystems

40
Q

how can we maintain biodiversity

A
  • breeding programmes for endangered animals
  • protected areas that species recover
41
Q

how can we reduce the impacts of what we do

A
  • field margins and hedge grows - pay farmers for these
  • set new laws and quotas
    -recycle - less land fill
42
Q

why is it hard to maintain biodiversity

A
  • expensive
  • its necessary to use things like fertilisers and pesticides for crops and to dig mines for homes or to cut down trees for wood or space = maintaining our high standard of living
43
Q

what is the greenhouse affect

A

-radiation from sun
-absorbed by earth and reemitted
- the heat interacts with greenhouse gases and they absorb it then reemit it
-then the whole process of absorption and reemitting is repeated

44
Q

what causes global warming

A

-more greenhouse gases in atmosphere
- = heat stays trapped in atmosphere more
- = earth is warmer

45
Q

what is climate change

A
  • the change of climate like long term weather
    due to global warming
46
Q

what are some examples of climate change

A
  • more hurricane
  • more extinction of species or more migration
47
Q

why is there deforestation

A

-land for agriculture
-wood
-mining
-biofuels

48
Q

why is deforestation bad

A
  • less photosynthesis = less carbon dioxide taken from atmosphere
  • involves burning which releases carbon dioxide
  • destroys habitats which means less biodiversity
49
Q

what is a peat bog

A

-when the soil it too waterlogged and acidic
-so the microorganisms cannot decompose
-so plants partially decay and the carbon dioxide remains locked inside

50
Q

what are the ways in which we destroy peat bogs

A
  • by draining the water to use for land
  • by burning the peat as fuel
51
Q

why is destroying peat bogs bad

A

-it means there is air so the microorganisms can decompose
- so the locked carbon is broken down and released
- and the microorganisms are now respiring aerobically
-which releases carbon dioxide which contributes to global warming

52
Q

what is biomass of organisms

A

the mass of the organism

53
Q

why is biomass lost between trophic levels

A
  • not all parts of the animal are eaten like teeth or bones
    -not all is absorbed as not all can be digested so its egested to form faeces
  • most nutrients are used for energy from respiration for movement
    -biomass can be converted unto waste products from metabolism
54
Q

what are fish farms

A

large tanks of controlled environments to grow fish for human consumption , allowing wild fish species to recover

55
Q

what are examples of sustainable fisheries

A
  • having larger nets so the smaller fish can escape, live and reproduce
  • having fishing quotas to reduce the amount of fish caught to maintain a balanced ecosystem
56
Q

what is food security

A

when everyone has enough access to safe and nutritious food and we are able to sustain the planet for the future

57
Q

what can negatively affects food security

A
  • growing population = more people to food
  • environmental changes = can decrease yield of crops
  • diseases for plants - decrease yield = less food
  • changing diets = more food has to be transported around the world and we eat more meat
    -wars - can disrupt farming = less food = food more expensive
    -cost of agricultural input - things like fertilisers and pesticides are expensive
58
Q

why do we genetically modify crops

A
  • to increase yield
    -to give us helpful proteins and nutrients
    -to increase resistance to pests
    -to increase resistance to floods and droughts
59
Q

what is mycoprotein

A
  • made from fungi, a protein rich food suitable for vegetarians
  • made in a fermenter with glucose syrup
    -in aerobic conditions , the fungi converts the glucose to mycoprotein
  • alot can be made in a small place
60
Q

what is intensive farming

A
  • when animals like chicken are kept in the warm indoors in crowded environments
    -this so less biomass is wasted as energy for movement and keeping warm
61
Q

what are the advantages of intensive farming

A
  • more efficient as less biomass is wated
    -the chickens have a controlled diet which is filled with nutrients so less food waste
  • in the indoors , eggs are easier to harvest
62
Q

what are the disadvantages of intensive farming

A
  • disease can spread easier, chickens are given antibiotics which increases the risk of antibiotic bacteria developing
  • in crowded place so more likely to get stressed and fight
    -unethical

biology (7 decks)

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