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BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM > ECOLOGY > Flashcards

ECOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ecology

A

Study of interactions between organisms and their environments at various levels

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2
Q

Ecology can be studied in what ways

A

Individuals

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

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3
Q

Why is a population perspective necessary in Ecology

A

Genetics changes over time within POPULATIONS and not individuals

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4
Q

What is growth rate

A

Understanding how populations will increase and decrease or stay the same over time

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5
Q

What is Exponential growth

A

Populations grow at a rate proportional to its size

The bigger the population the faster it grows

Cannot continue indefinitely

Population size quickly exceeds available resources

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6
Q

How is a population’s growth limited by its environment

A

It reaches CARRYING CAPACITY

Population growth is limited by the resources available for a particular habitat over a period of time

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7
Q

What happens as a population reaches its carrying capacity

A

Death rates increase

Emigration rates increase

Birth rates decrease

Th population reaches Logistic growth

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8
Q

What is logistic growth?

A

Population growth that is gradually reduces as the population nears the environments carrying capacity

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9
Q

What limits population growth?

A

Density - Dependent Factors

Food supply

Habitat for living and breeding

Parasite and disease risk

Predation risk

Density - Independent factors

Earthquakes

Fires

Floods

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10
Q

What is maximum stainable yield?

A

Individuals are utilized or harvested from a large population without impairing its growth rate

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11
Q

Who uses Maximum Stainable Yield?

A

Resource Managers

Used repeatedly

Yields more individuals in the long term than a one time harvest of all individuals

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12
Q

How does low hazard factor influence longevity?

A

Relatively low risks of death at each age

Individuals tend to reproduce later

Later aging

Longer life spans

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13
Q

How does high hazard factors affect longevity?

A

Relatively high risks of death at each age

Earlier aging

Individuals tend to reproduce earlier

Shorter life spans

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14
Q

What is the BIG BANG REPRODUCTION?

A

Reaches sexual maturity at one year

Mates intensely over a 3 week period

Males die shortly after mating period

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15
Q

What is SLOW GRADUAL REPRODUCTIVE INVESTMENT

A

Reaches sexual maturity at one year

Produces about one offspring per year

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16
Q

What is FAST, INTENSE REPRODUCTIVE INVESTMENT

A

Reaches sexual maturity at one month

Produces litters of six to ten offspring every month

17
Q

What is a type 1

A

High survivorship until old age the rapidly decreasing survivorship

18
Q

What is type 2

A

Survivorship decreases at a steady, regular pace

19
Q

What is type 3

A

High mortality early in life, but those that survive the early years live long lives

20
Q

Survivorship curves do what ?

A

Predicts the proportion of individuals of a age that are alive in a population

21
Q

When resources are limited, populations must increase allocation to one of the following …

A

Growth, Reproduction, or survival

22
Q

What is REPRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL

A

Big Bang reproducers such as salmon singe exceptionally high investment in reproduction, then die shortly afterward

Sacrifice survival for reproduction

23
Q

What is REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH

A

Beech trees grow much more slowly in the years when they produce many seeds than they do in years when they produce few seeds

Sacrifice growth for reproduction

24
Q

Number and size of offspring

A

Female lizards produce medium size eggs as a compromise between many small eggs ( with poor survival of offspring) and few large eggs (with better survival of offspring)

Sacrifice quality for quantity

25
Q

What is aging and why does it occur

A

Aging is the increased risk of dying with increasing age

There is psychological deterioration over time

26
Q

What allows researchers to predict average longevity in human populations?

A

AGE PYRAMIDS

Shows the number of individuals in a population within each age group at a single point in time

Able to estimate birth and death rates over multi- year periods

27
Q

What is the baby boom?

And why is it bad news for young people today?

A

Birth rates went up high from the 1940’s - 1960’s

There bad news for young age classes may not be large enough to support them.

28
Q

Humans can increase it in a variety of ways

Limitless carrying capacity?

A

Expanding into new habitats

Increasing the agricultural productivity of the land

Finding ways to live at higher densities

BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM (3 decks)

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