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Biology 11 > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What is exponential growth?

What does it require?

A

a growth pattern where the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate.

Requires Ideal conditons (unlimited resources)

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2
Q

What is logistic growth?

A

a growth pattern where a population’s growth rate slows or stops after a period of exponential growth.

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3
Q

What are the stages of growth?

A

Beginning = lag phase

Slope = rapid (exponential growth) phase

Near Top = growth rate slows

Bumps = steady state (zero growth, birthrate=deathrate)

Steady state is at carrying capacity.

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4
Q

Define density dependent limiting factors.

Give examples

A

Limiting factors that depend on how large a population is.

Usually only when populations are large and crowded.

Examples are competition, predation, parasitism and crowding.

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5
Q

What are density independent limiting factors?

Give examples

A

Limiting factors that do not depend on the size of a population.

Most are abiotic factors.

Examples are natural disasters like tsunami, earthquake, volcano, etc…

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6
Q

Define population density.

A

The number of individuals per unit of area.

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7
Q

What are Immigration and Emigration?

A

Immigration is the movement of individuals into an area.

Emigration is the movement of indivuals out of an area.

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8
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A factor that causes a population growth to decrease.

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9
Q

Define predator-prey relationship.

A

Form of population control when a population is regulated by predation.

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10
Q

Define cellular respiration.

Why is it necessary?

A

The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

Necessary in order for animals to take in oxygen so that energy may be produced. Without cellular respiration, an organism would die.

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11
Q

What is the balanced equation for cellular respiration.

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Oxygen + Glucose = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

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12
Q

What are the steps of cellular respiration and where do they occur?

A

Glycolysis - cytoplasm

Krebs Cycle - mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain - mitochondria

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13
Q

Explain glycolysis.

A

When one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid.

Puts in 2 ATP molecules, releases 4.

NAD+ turns to NADH, carries electrons to other molecules.

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14
Q

Explain the Krebs Cycle.

A

Pyruvic acid enters mitochondrion, one carbon forms CO2 and the other two join coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.

Acetyl-CoA adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon molecule forming citric acid. (acetyl part made of 2 carbon atoms, 1 oxygen atom and 3 hydrogen atoms)

Citric acid is broken down into a 4-carbon molecule, more CO2 is released.

One molecule of pyruvic acid forms 4 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 molecule of ATP.

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15
Q

What is pyruvic acid?

A

A 3-carbon compound produced from the breaking of a glucose molecule.

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16
Q

Explain the electron transport chain.

Where is it located in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Electrons passed from NADH and FADH2 to ETC to convert ADP to ATP.

Carrier proteins pass high energy electrons to an enzyme that combines the electrons with a hydrogen ion and oxygen to form water.

Electrons movement carries H+ ions across the membrane, producing enough force to spin ATP synthase.

ATP synthase grabs ADP molecules and forms ATP.

In the inner membrane of the mitochondrion for eukaryotes, in the cell membrane for prokaryotes.

17
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

What are the reactants?

A

H2O, CO2 and Energy

O2 and C6H12O6

18
Q

What is an anabolic process?

A

Metabolic process that uses cellular energy to from larger molecules out of smaller ones.

18
Q

What are the totals of cellular respiration?

A

36 ATP molecules are formed (18x more than without oxygen), which represent 38% of the total energy of glucose. Other 62% is released as heat.

19
Q

Why and when is fermentation necessary?

A

Fermentation is necessary when there is no oxygen present after glycolysis (Running for long distances, etc.). It reverts NADH back to NAD+ so that glycolysis may continue to produce ATP.

20
Q

What are the equations for the two main types of fermentation?

A

Alcoholic Fermentation

pyruvic acid + NADH —> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

Lactic Acid Fermentation

pyruvic acid + NADH —> lactic acid + NAD+

Biology 11 (8 decks)

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