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AP Biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

0
Q

The study of distributions of organisms

A

Bio geography

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1
Q

The study of the distributions of earths climate and surface features

A

Physical geography

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2
Q

Non living components

A

Abiotic

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3
Q

Living components

A

Biotic

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4
Q

A group of individuals of the same species that live, interact, and interbreed in a particular geographic area at the same time

A

Population

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5
Q

Assemblage of interacting populations of different species within a particular geographic area

A

Community

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6
Q

Multiple communities

A

Landscapes

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7
Q

All organisms and environments of the planet

A

Biosphere

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8
Q

A sample of individuals over time

A

Cohort

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9
Q

Explain the principle of allocation

A

Once an organism acquires a unit of resource, it can be used for only one function at a time

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10
Q

An organism can allocate a unit of resource to one of witch five functions?

A

Maintenance, foraging, growth, defense, reproduction

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11
Q

Is an exponential or logistic growth curve seen more in nature?

A

Logistic

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12
Q

The number of individuals in a population that the resources of its environment can support

A

Carrying capacity (K)

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13
Q

What is reached as carrying capacity is reached?

A

Equilibrium

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14
Q

A relationship where two or more different species use the same resource (-/-)

A

Competition

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15
Q

Relationship where organisms gain nutrients by eating or feeding off of other living organisms (+/-)

A

Consumer- resource

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16
Q

Where individuals kill and consume organisms from other species

A

Predation

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17
Q

Where a parasite consumes part of a host but doesn’t kill it

A

Parasitism

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18
Q

A type of interaction between species that benefits both (+/+)

A

Mutualism

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19
Q

An interaction where one participant benefits while the other is unaffected (+/0)

A

Commensalism

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20
Q

An interaction where one individual is harmed while the other is unaffected (-/0)

A

Amensalism

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21
Q

Interactions between members of the same species

A

Intraspecific

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22
Q

Interactions between members of different species

A

Interspecific

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23
Q

Set of environmental tolerances of a species which define where it can live

A

Niche

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24
Q

Natural habitat of an individual

A

Fundamental niche

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25
Q

The part of a fundamental niche that an organisms occupies as a result of limiting factors in its habitat

A

Realized niche

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26
Q

Differences between competing species in resource use

A

Resource partitioning

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27
Q

Due to resource partitioning, is intraspecific or interspecific competition stronger?

A

Intraspecific

28
Q

Why do some introduced species become invasive?

A

They are introduced into a region where their natural enemies are absent

29
Q

The particular mix of species that communities contain and the relative abundance of those species

A

Species composition

30
Q

The change over time of a community , series of events by which life comes back

A

Ecological succession

31
Q

Gets energy from the sun

A

Autotroph

32
Q

Gets energy by eating producers or other consumers

A

Heterotrophs

33
Q

Total amount of energy that primary producers capture and convert to chemical energy during some period of time

A

Gross primary productivity

34
Q

Energy that is contained in the tissues that primary producers have produced, available for consumption

A

Net primary productivity

35
Q

This tropic level is made up of autotrophs

A

Producers

36
Q

This tropic level consists of herbivores

A

Primary consumers

37
Q

Species in this tropic level consume herbivores

A

Secondary consumers

38
Q

What are secondary consumers also known as?

A

Primary carnivores

39
Q

Species in this tropic level consume secondary consumers

A

Tertiary consumers

40
Q

What are tertiary consumers also known as?

A

Secondary carnivores

41
Q

The progression over successfully lower tropic levels of the indirect effects of a predator

A

Tropic cascade

42
Q

What are the two elements of species diversity?

A

Species richness and species evenness

43
Q

The number of species in a community

A

Species richness

44
Q

The distribution of a species abundance in a community

A

Species evenness

45
Q

What is the general relationship between primary productivity of a community and species richness?

A

Greater species richness= greater primary productivity

46
Q

__________ varies with latitude

A

Species richness

47
Q

These organisms feed from multiple tropic levels

A

Omnivores

48
Q

These feed on waste products or dead bodies of organisms

A

Decomposers

49
Q

What are decomposers also known as?

A

Detritivores

50
Q

What is a major assumption of the BD model?

A

There is no migration

51
Q

What sequence describes the pathway of energy through most living things in their environment

A

Light energy —–> chemical energy —–> heat

52
Q

Which goes through cycles, energy or matter?

A

Matter

53
Q

What type of model do you get when you add the total number of emigrated and immigrated individuals to the BD model?

A

BIDE model

54
Q

The proportion of the original cohort surviving from fledging to age x

A

Survivorship

55
Q

Average number of young fledged per female of age x

A

Fecundity

56
Q

When measuring growth rate , what is N?

A

Population size

57
Q

What is the formula for growth rate?

A

Births-deaths/N

58
Q

Species that grow quickly but do to offer lots of parental care

A

R-related species

59
Q

Species that grow slowly but offer more parental care to their offspring

A

K-related species

60
Q

Survivorship where most survive at an early age but survivorship drops at old age

A

Type I survivorship curve

61
Q

Survivorship where most die at early age and few survivors level off

A

Type III survivorship curve

62
Q

Survivorship where organisms die at a linear rate

A

Type II survivorship curve

63
Q

A lack of genetic diversity can lead to ______

A

Extinction

64
Q

When does primary succession occur?

A

No soil left

65
Q

When does secondary succession occur?

A

Soil remains

66
Q

Organisms that tend to make a living by coming back after a disturbance

A

Pioneer organisms

67
Q

At the end of succession, you have a _______ species

A

Climax

AP Biology (11 decks)

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