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Bio 105 > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hypothesis

A

A proposed explanation that is testable and falsifiable

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2
Q

Theory (most important ideas in science)

A

Unifying idea that has been extensively tested and attempts to disprove it have failed

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3
Q

Scientific Fact

A

objective and verifiable observation proven to be true with empirical data

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4
Q

Evolution

A

change in population and genetic makeup of population over time

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5
Q

Ecology

A

scientific study of interactions between organisms and living/nonliving components of their environment

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6
Q

4 components that affects climate

A
  1. Temp
  2. Precipitation
  3. Sunlight
  4. Wind
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7
Q

global climate patterns are determined by

A

solar energy and earth’s movement in space

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8
Q

angle at which sunlight hits the earth affects

A

its intensity

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9
Q

intensity of sunlight is strongest in _________ where sunlight strikes earth most directly

A

tropics

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10
Q

Seasonal variations increase steadily towards

A

the poles

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11
Q

Seasonality at high altitudes is caused by

A

the tilt of earth’s axis of rotation and its annual passage around the sun

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12
Q

What determines climate patterns

A
  1. air circulation
  2. precipitation
  3. bodies of water
  4. mountains
  5. microclimate
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13
Q

warm air cools as it rises up a mountain and releases…

A

moisture on windward side

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14
Q

cool, dry air absorbs moisture from land and as it descends it creates a _______

A

rainshadow on leeward side

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15
Q

climate change

A

directional change to the global climate lasting 3 decades or more

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16
Q

Biomes

A

major life zones characterized by vegetation type or physical environment

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17
Q

2 factors that affect biomes

A
  1. average annual precipitation
  2. average annual temp
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18
Q

Aquatic Biomes

A

characterized by their physical and chemical environment, and cover about 75% of earth’s surface

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19
Q

Aquatic ecosystems are mainly defined based on…

A

how much light can penetrate the water

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20
Q

light is ______ by water and intensity ______ with depth

A

absorbed and decreases

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21
Q

Ephotic Zone

A

enough light for photosynthesis

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22
Q

Aphotic zone

A

no light

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23
Q

Oceans have zones defined by

A
  1. distance from shore
  2. light penetration
  3. depth of water to sediment below
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24
Q

Intertidal zones

A

-oxygen and nutrient levels are high
- substrates are rocky or sandy
-submerged and exposed by the tides
-variations in temp and salinity

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25
Q

Estuaries

A
  • transition area between river and sea
  • salinity varies with rise and fall of tides
    -nutrient rich
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26
Q

Oligotrophic lakes

A

nutrient poor and oxygen rich

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27
Q

Eutrophic lakes

A

nutrient rich and oxygen poor in deep zones or covered by ice

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28
Q

Streams and Rivers

A

-hydrological cycle: returns water to ocean.
-very sensitive to development, pollution, and dams

29
Q

Marshes, Swamps, and Bogs

A

-very high biodiversity
- breeding and migration sites, purify water, and store flood water.
- sensitive to development and pollution

30
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals that are the same species that interact

31
Q

Population Ecology

A

study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time

32
Q

Mark and Recapture

A

random sample in population and marked individuals are given time to mix back into population

33
Q

Population growth rate is influenced by…

A
  1. age of first reproduction
  2. freq of reproduction
  3. fecundity: avg # female offspring
  4. length of reproductive life span
  5. survival rate of young
34
Q

Low mortality

A

produce fewer young and care for them until adulthood

35
Q

Intermediate

A

constant death rate, less common

36
Q

High mortality

A

in young, produce many young which must fend for themselves

37
Q

3 Environmental factors that restrict population growth

A
  1. availability of food and resources.
  2. competition with species.
  3. interactions between species.
38
Q

Carrying capacity (K)

A

max pop size that its environment can sustain

39
Q

Factors that effect carrying capacity

A
  • competition within the pop
  • availability of food and other resources
  • interactions with other species (predation, competition, etc.)
  • organisms present that cause disease
40
Q

Density-dependent factors

A
  • intraspecific competition for resources
  • disease
  • predator and prey pop
41
Q

Density- independent factors

A
  • weather
  • human activity
42
Q

Community

A

assemblage of population of various species living close enough for potential interaction

43
Q

Mutualism

A

both parties benefit

44
Q

Commensalism

A

one species benefits, other is unaffected

45
Q

Parasitism

A

parasite uses another that is harmful to host

46
Q

Coevolution

A

when predators evolve to catch prey better, and prey evolve to avoid being caught

47
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

comp between individuals within a species for resources

48
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

comp between different species for limited resources

49
Q

Competition Exclusion

A

2 species compete for same limited resource

50
Q

Fundamental niche

A

abiotic factors for organism to survive (temp, moisture, food, shelter, sunlight, etc.)

51
Q

Realized niche

A

biotic factors that exist in nature (predation, competition)

52
Q

Spatial Niches

A

organisms are adapted to living in different locations where they can survive better than other species

53
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

aquatic species partition their feeding by catching different items or feeding in different habits

54
Q

Temporal Niches

A

living in the same area as another species using the same resources, but use these at a different time

55
Q

Ecosystem

A

consists of all the biotic and abiotic components in an area

56
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy
-chemical bonds
- gradients
- positional

57
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy in use
- electrical
- heat
- molecular conversions
- movement

58
Q

Autotroph

A

“self feeder;” photosynthetic producers

59
Q

Heterotroph

A

“other feeder;” consumers (herb, carn, fungi)

60
Q

ANPP

A

amount of energy accumulated by producers during photosynthesis in a region

61
Q

Net Primary Productivity =

A

gross primary productivity - respiration

62
Q

Detritus feeders

A

live off the waster and dead remains (also heterotrophs)

63
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

64
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

disorder naturally increases (energy transfer is not 100%)

65
Q

Biomagnification

A

increasing accumulation of toxic chemicals in higher trophic levels

66
Q

Biogeochemical Cycles

A

the flow of nutrients both biotic and abiotic componenets

67
Q

Eutrophication

A

natural process in which years of high productivity can change the structure and function of aquatic system

68
Q

Hypoxia

A

low dissolved oxygen concentration; affects bottom waters

Bio 105 (2 decks)

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