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Bio 105 > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

A proposed explanation that is testable and falsifiable

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2
Q

Theory (most important ideas in science)

A

Unifying idea that has been extensively tested and attempts to disprove it have failed

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3
Q

Scientific Fact

A

objective and verifiable observation proven to be true with empirical data

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4
Q

Evolution

A

change in population and genetic makeup of population over time

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5
Q

Ecology

A

scientific study of interactions between organisms and living/nonliving components of their environment

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6
Q

4 components that affects climate

A
  1. Temp
  2. Precipitation
  3. Sunlight
  4. Wind
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7
Q

global climate patterns are determined by

A

solar energy and earth’s movement in space

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8
Q

angle at which sunlight hits the earth affects

A

its intensity

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9
Q

intensity of sunlight is strongest in _________ where sunlight strikes earth most directly

A

tropics

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10
Q

Seasonal variations increase steadily towards

A

the poles

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11
Q

Seasonality at high altitudes is caused by

A

the tilt of earth’s axis of rotation and its annual passage around the sun

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12
Q

What determines climate patterns

A
  1. air circulation
  2. precipitation
  3. bodies of water
  4. mountains
  5. microclimate
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13
Q

warm air cools as it rises up a mountain and releases…

A

moisture on windward side

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14
Q

cool, dry air absorbs moisture from land and as it descends it creates a _______

A

rainshadow on leeward side

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15
Q

climate change

A

directional change to the global climate lasting 3 decades or more

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16
Q

Biomes

A

major life zones characterized by vegetation type or physical environment

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17
Q

2 factors that affect biomes

A
  1. average annual precipitation
  2. average annual temp
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18
Q

Aquatic Biomes

A

characterized by their physical and chemical environment, and cover about 75% of earth’s surface

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19
Q

Aquatic ecosystems are mainly defined based on…

A

how much light can penetrate the water

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20
Q

light is ______ by water and intensity ______ with depth

A

absorbed and decreases

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21
Q

Ephotic Zone

A

enough light for photosynthesis

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22
Q

Aphotic zone

A

no light

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23
Q

Oceans have zones defined by

A
  1. distance from shore
  2. light penetration
  3. depth of water to sediment below
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24
Q

Intertidal zones

A

-oxygen and nutrient levels are high
- substrates are rocky or sandy
-submerged and exposed by the tides
-variations in temp and salinity

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25
Estuaries
- transition area between river and sea - salinity varies with rise and fall of tides -nutrient rich
26
Oligotrophic lakes
nutrient poor and oxygen rich
27
Eutrophic lakes
nutrient rich and oxygen poor in deep zones or covered by ice
28
Streams and Rivers
-hydrological cycle: returns water to ocean. -very sensitive to development, pollution, and dams
29
Marshes, Swamps, and Bogs
-very high biodiversity - breeding and migration sites, purify water, and store flood water. - sensitive to development and pollution
30
Population
a group of individuals that are the same species that interact
31
Population Ecology
study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time
32
Mark and Recapture
random sample in population and marked individuals are given time to mix back into population
33
Population growth rate is influenced by...
1. age of first reproduction 2. freq of reproduction 3. fecundity: avg # female offspring 4. length of reproductive life span 5. survival rate of young
34
Low mortality
produce fewer young and care for them until adulthood
35
Intermediate
constant death rate, less common
36
High mortality
in young, produce many young which must fend for themselves
37
3 Environmental factors that restrict population growth
1. availability of food and resources. 2. competition with species. 3. interactions between species.
38
Carrying capacity (K)
max pop size that its environment can sustain
39
Factors that effect carrying capacity
- competition within the pop - availability of food and other resources - interactions with other species (predation, competition, etc.) - organisms present that cause disease
40
Density-dependent factors
- intraspecific competition for resources - disease - predator and prey pop
41
Density- independent factors
- weather - human activity
42
Community
assemblage of population of various species living close enough for potential interaction
43
Mutualism
both parties benefit
44
Commensalism
one species benefits, other is unaffected
45
Parasitism
parasite uses another that is harmful to host
46
Coevolution
when predators evolve to catch prey better, and prey evolve to avoid being caught
47
Intraspecific Competition
comp between individuals within a species for resources
48
Interspecific Competition
comp between different species for limited resources
49
Competition Exclusion
2 species compete for same limited resource
50
Fundamental niche
abiotic factors for organism to survive (temp, moisture, food, shelter, sunlight, etc.)
51
Realized niche
biotic factors that exist in nature (predation, competition)
52
Spatial Niches
organisms are adapted to living in different locations where they can survive better than other species
53
Resource Partitioning
aquatic species partition their feeding by catching different items or feeding in different habits
54
Temporal Niches
living in the same area as another species using the same resources, but use these at a different time
55
Ecosystem
consists of all the biotic and abiotic components in an area
56
Potential energy
stored energy -chemical bonds - gradients - positional
57
Kinetic energy
energy in use - electrical - heat - molecular conversions - movement
58
Autotroph
"self feeder;" photosynthetic producers
59
Heterotroph
"other feeder;" consumers (herb, carn, fungi)
60
ANPP
amount of energy accumulated by producers during photosynthesis in a region
61
Net Primary Productivity =
gross primary productivity - respiration
62
Detritus feeders
live off the waster and dead remains (also heterotrophs)
63
First Law of Thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed
64
Second Law of Thermodynamics
disorder naturally increases (energy transfer is not 100%)
65
Biomagnification
increasing accumulation of toxic chemicals in higher trophic levels
66
Biogeochemical Cycles
the flow of nutrients both biotic and abiotic componenets
67
Eutrophication
natural process in which years of high productivity can change the structure and function of aquatic system
68
Hypoxia
low dissolved oxygen concentration; affects bottom waters

Bio 105 (2 decks)

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