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Aquatic Ecology > Ecological Concepts and Principles > Flashcards

Ecological Concepts and Principles Flashcards

1
Q

It is a pattern of survival and reproduction events typical for a member of the species.

A

life history/life cycle

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2
Q

How members of a species distribute limited resources among growth, survival and the production of the offspring.

A

Life History Strategy

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3
Q

True or False: Life History Strategy varies between species, depending on their traits.

A

True

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4
Q

Evolutionary Strategies that have fewer offspring but have extensive parental care. Produce few offspring but have higher probability of survival and is common in ling-lived and large animals.

A

K-strategist

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5
Q

Evolutionary Strategies with adult populations release large number, but reduced
parental care. Eggs are fertilized and then dispersed. Common to produce low-effort babies and occupy unstable environments.

A

R-strategist

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6
Q

True or False: Short-lived species often start reproducing early, while long-lived species are more likely to delay reproduction because they migrate and find a spot where nutrients and energy are enough for reproduction

A

True

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7
Q

This is how many times an organism reproduces over its lifetime.

A

Reproductive Cycles

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8
Q

Type of Reproductive Cycle that uses maximum energy invested in a single reproductive effort.

A

Semelparity: ex. Salmon

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9
Q

Type of reproductive cycle that uses less energy allocating for multiple reproductive efforts.

A

iteroparity

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10
Q

What are the 5 population characteristics?

A

size, density, abundance, distribution, & age structure

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11
Q

A population characteristic pertaining to the number of individuals.

A

Size

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12
Q

A population characteristic pertaining to the number of individuals per unit area of volume. It is the most important feature of population.

A

Density

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13
Q

True or False: Density is dependent on births, immigration and emigration, and deaths (natural occurrences).

A

True

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14
Q

This is used to determine the population size and density of plants or very small and slow-moving animals.

A

Quadrats

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15
Q

This is used to determine population size and density or organisms that move around.

A

Mark-recapture methods (tags)

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16
Q

This describes the area over which a population occurs.

A

Distribution

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17
Q

true or false: Distribution is influenced by occurrence of suitable environmental conditions.

A

true

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18
Q

It refers to the predicted increase or decline on birth and death rate of organisms at different ages, as well as the current age and sex make-up of the population.

A

Age structure

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19
Q

It refers to the graphs that show what fraction of population survive from one age to the next.

A

Survivorship curves

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20
Q

Type of survivorship curve where organisms tend not to die when they are young or
middle-aged, but die when they become elderly. They usually have small numbers of offspring and provide lots of
parental care to ensure the survival of organisms (e.g. whales).

A

Type 1

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21
Q

Type of survivorship curve where organisms die more or less equally at each age interval. May also have relatively few offspring and provide significant
parental care.

A

Type 2

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22
Q

Type of survivorship curve where very few organisms survive their younger years. They are the ones that make it through youth are likely to have long lives and usually have lots of offspring at once but don’t provide much
care for the offspring.

A

Type 3

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23
Q

It summarizes birth and death rates for organisms at different stages of their lives

A

Life Tables

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24
Q

It is a snapshot of a population in time showing how its members are distributed among age and sex categories.

A

Age-sex pyramid

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25
Q

It refers to the relationship of organisms to the environment.

A

Ecology

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26
Q

True or False: ECOLOGY refers to the biotic organism interaction and how the abiotic physical environment affect these relationships and interactions.

A

True

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27
Q

It refers to the group of individuals of the same species living in an area.

A

Population

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28
Q

This refers to all populations living in the same given area.

A

Community

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29
Q

It refers to the biotic community and nonliving organism.

A

Ecosystem

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30
Q

It refers to organism capable of producing their own food by using nutrients from the environment and energy from sunlight or inorganic substances.

A

Autotrophic organisms

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31
Q

True or False: Autotrophic organisms are self-feeding. It includes aquatic plants (duckweed, seagrass), algae (microalgae: diatoms: cheatoceros, macroalgae: seaweeds), & chemosynthetic bacteria.

A

True

32
Q

Type of organisms that cannot produce own food.

A

heterotrophic

33
Q

Type of autotrophic organism that is capable of photosynthesis.

A

Photoautotrophic

34
Q

True or False: Photoautotrophic organism’s nutrient source is carbon dioxide while its energy source is light.

A

True

35
Q

Type of autotrophic organism that uses carbon dioxide as carbon source. With energy source that is reduced inorganic compounds such as iron and ammonia.

A

Chemoautotrophic

36
Q

A type of bacteria that uses chemical energy for food reproduction.

A

Nitrosomonas

37
Q

true or false: The nutrient source of a heterotrophic organism are organic carbon form various plant sources, and its energy source are organic carbon from particulate matters.

A

True

38
Q

Refers to what combines biotic and abiotic components.

A

Biosystems

39
Q

True or False: Abiotic Components includes matter and energy.

A

True

40
Q

True or False: Biotic Components starts form genes, cells, organs, organisms, population, and then up to communities.

A

True

41
Q

● aufwuchs or biofilms
● bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, microscopic invertebrates
● film or microscopic organisms that thrive on surfaces of substrates
● give indicators to organisms to settle on them; inducers of settlement

A

Periphyton

42
Q

A microscopic component of pleuston and floating organisms.

A

neuston

43
Q

Thrives at the air-water interface (e.g. Portuguese man o war)

A

Pleuston

44
Q

Lives in bottom sediments.

A

Benthos

45
Q

Type of benthos that burrow in the sediment, feed on the surface of sediment.

A

Infauna

46
Q

Type of Benthos that live on the surface of sediment and may be attached or free ranging.

A

Epifauna

47
Q

It is a plankton type that is influenced by wave currents and tides.

A

Nekton

48
Q

● can be animals or plants
● diverse collection of organisms
● small, large number, rapid growth rate
● drift passively and cannot swim against the current because of their size

A

Plankton

49
Q

True or False: Phytoplankton can be cyanobacteria and diatoms.

A

True

50
Q

true or false: Mussels, oysters, and sea urchin are examples of epifauna.

A

true

51
Q

True or False: Water creates a stable buffer for broadcast spawners including optimum range, stress zones, and zone of intolerance.

A

True

52
Q

True or False: Environmental conditions affect the rate of physiological processes; organisms only
have the limited range of conditions that it can tolerate for it to be able to live in its
preferred aquatic environment

A

True

53
Q

It is where species operates at greater efficiency and the amount of energy is equally distributed for growth/reproduction.

A

Optimum Range

54
Q

It is where operation is in less efficiency in terms of energy dynamic within their body and fluctuations of temperature and salinity is present.

A

Stress Zones

55
Q

It is where too low or too high environmental conditions happen and no organisms can thrive.

A

Zone of intolerance

56
Q

Factors Influencing Distribution includes: (PTSLNB)

A

(PTSLNB)
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Salinity
- Light
- Nutrient
- Biological limiting factors

57
Q

True or False: pressure increases with depth. Deep-sea organisms do not need swim bladders to lessen the
impact of increasing pressure.

A

True

58
Q

True or False: Rate of metabolism increases as temperature increases.

A

True

59
Q

True or False: decrease in temperature; decrease in dissolution of oxygen.

A

True

60
Q

It refers to the physical limiting factor that affects the rate of metabolism in aquatic organisms.

A

Temperature

61
Q

It divides the more warmer waters near the surface area and cooler waters in deeper areas.

A

Thermocline

62
Q

Its body temperature depends on the surrounding environment and is composed of mostly aquatic invertebrates and most finfishes.

A

Ectotherms

63
Q

Its body temperature is independent from that of the surrounding environment (e.g. aquatic mammals, tuna, white sharks).

A

Endotherms

64
Q

It is the concentration of dissolved salts in the water.

A

Salinity

65
Q

It is the regulation of internal salt and water concentrations.

A

Osmoregulation

66
Q

It can only tolerate a narrow range of salinity changes.

A

Stenohaline

67
Q

It can adapt to a wide range of salinity changes.

A

Euryhaline

68
Q

3 Zonation according to light penetration:

A

Euphotic (most light), Dysphotic (minimal light), Aphotic (no light)

69
Q

It mainly affects primary production and water concentrations. Where water concentrations depend on carbon and oxygen.

A

Light

70
Q

True or false: Rare significant light beyond 200 meters and organisms exhibits a variety of adaptive traits to live in darker zones (ex. bioluminescence, countershading, vision mutation/ strong senses)

A

True

71
Q

Rate at which these are supplied affect the rate of primary production.

A

Nutrients

72
Q

True or False: Nutrient-poor oceanic waters compared to land areas

A

True

73
Q

It is the limiting nutrient for freshwaters.

A

Phosphorus

74
Q

It is the limiting nutrient for marine waters.

A

Nitrogen

75
Q

true or false: upwelling allows the mixing of nutrients in the water.

A

True

76
Q

True or False: Near coastal areas is rich in nutrients because of the upwelling and mixing of the bottom and surface waters due to tides and currents.

A

True

77
Q

Biological limiting factors influencing distribution affects:

A
  • Species’ spatial patterns
  • Range limits and geographic diversity patterns

Aquatic Ecology (9 decks)

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