Ecological & Behavioural Sampling

Question 1

measuring biodiversity

total species list

Answer 1

most useful for well-studied groups such as birds and large mammals

Question 2

2 communities in which total counts are not feasibile

Answer 2

soil microbes + coral reefs

too diverse to count

Question 3

measuring biodiversity

subsample using quadrats or transects

Answer 3

count all species on several quadrats or transects of known size and extrapolate the average to the whole area

Question 4

reliability of quadrats depends on (3)

Answer 4

1- # of species in each quadrat must be determines exactly
2- area of quadrat known
3- quadrat counted must be reprsentative of the the whole area

some form of random sampling

Question 5

Quadrat sampling can ___

Answer 5

random, systematic, stratified random or snowball sampling

Question 6

measuring biodiversity

time-restricted search // rapid biodiversity assessment

Answer 6

habitat is searched for a set period of time & species recorded

Question 7

measuring biodiversity

species discovery curves

Answer 7

construct a species accumulation curve

highly depedent on sampling effort ( time invested + ground covered)

Question 8

Quantifying density across transects

Answer 8

-relative density
-camera traps
-tracking stations

Question 9

capture-recapture methods

Answer 9

capture,mark, release
- in subsequent samples, the portion marked should be representative of proportion marked in whole population

Question 10

biodiversity indicators

Answer 10

an indicator species’status reflects the status of other species in a community

Question 11

ex: taxon based indicator species

Answer 11

woodpeckers are indicators of forest bird diversity

Question 12

rapid inventories for conservation

Answer 12

conservation tool designed to assess the biological importance of priority sites for conservation

Question 13

conservation priority sites

Answer 13

plants, birds, mammals, fishes, frogs, geology, soil diversity, water characteristics

HUMAN DIMENSIONS

Question 14

observational methods for behaviour sampling

Answer 14

ad lib
focal animal
scan sample
one-zero sampling

Question 15

method descriptions

focal animal (pair or group)

Answer 15

restricts data recording during sample period to one animal, pair, or group

Question 16

method descriptions

ad-lib

Answer 16

opportunistic sampling with no constraints

Question 17

method descriptions

one-zero

Answer 17

record the occurence (1) or nonoccurence (0) of selected behaviours during sequential sample intervals

Question 18

method descriptions

instantaneous or scan

Answer 18

record behaviour of an individual (instantaneous) or group (scan) at sequential, predetermined points in time

Question 19

selection of animal

Answer 19

• random
• systematic
• stratified

Question 20

indirect measures

Answer 20

• stress hormones
• ketones
• c-peptide

Question 21

habitat selection

how organisms evaluate + select an environment from the different alternatives available

Answer 21

non-random distribution

behavioural component (choice)

Question 22

how to determine habitats

Answer 22

correlative studies
- assume species density is proportional to the quality of habitat

Problem!!! Source - Sinks

Question 23

ideal free distribution theory

Answer 23

competing individuals distribute themselves between reosurce patches in such a way that each individual receives the same payoffs

Question 24

ideal free distribution theory assumptions

equality

Answer 24

• first animals use the best patch
• no difference in competitive ability
• no territoriality

Question 25

ideal despotic distribution theory | reality?

Answer 25

- competitors exclude others w/ aggression - 1st arrivals establish in high quality habitats + defend resources - lower quality habitats fill up with later arrivals - if full, future arrivals must take over or be excluded - fewer competitors and higher intake rates in richer habitats