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Ecology+Conservation > Eco+Cons Questions > Flashcards

Eco+Cons Questions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 measures of ecology

A

place, abundance, dynamic

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2
Q

what are examples of population dynamics

A

climatic variations, resources (bottom-up), predation (top-down), birth rates

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3
Q

What compenents affect global, regional and local climate?

A

temperature, precipitation, sunlight and wind

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4
Q

what are the major drivers for life

A

latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity, global air circulation + precipitation patterns, oceanic currents, mountain, seasonality and vegetation

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5
Q

what are global climate patterns determined by

A

input of solar energy and earth’s movement in space

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6
Q

what are the main biomes

A

tropical rainforest, savannah, desert, temperate grassland, temperate broadleaf forest, northern corniferous forest, chapparal, tundra

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7
Q

how are aquatic biomes characterised

A

physical and chemical environment

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of population dispersion

A

clumped, uniform and random

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9
Q

what the factors that cause species dispersal

A

abiotic barriers, geographic (allopatric), species interactions

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10
Q

What are the major aquatic biomes

A

lakes, wetlands, streams + rivers, estuaries, intertidal zones, coral reefs, ocean pelagic zones, marine benthic zones

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11
Q

what are abiotic limits on a species’ distribution

A

climate, substrate, water/ mineral chemistry, water depth, light intensity, turbidity (high=clear), temperature, salinity

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12
Q

what are biotic limits on a species’ distribution

A

predation, parasitism, competition, mutualism/facilitation (symbiosis)

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13
Q

How are species distributed

A

dispersal, biotic interactions, abiotic factors (climate, chemistry) (+evolutionary history)

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14
Q

what are the causes for population changes

A

births + deaths and immigration + emigration

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15
Q

why does the logistic model not always match the real populations

A

some assumptions don’t apply to all populations (that pops adjust instantly to growth and smoothly approach carrying capacity)

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16
Q

what are the factors that prevent species from going over the carrying capacity (negative feedback)

A

disease, resource competition, predation, territoriality (chemical markers), intrinsic factors (hormonal changes+interspecies interactions) +(toxic wastes)

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17
Q

why is it important to understand population fluctuations

A

for conservation, fishery management, pest management

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18
Q

causes for more chaotic population dynamics

A

unstable abiotic factors, scramble competition, predator-prey interactions, disease dynamics (herd immunity), dispersal limitations (metapopulation)

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19
Q

what shapes spatial patterns in biodiversity

A

location and habitat size/ area

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20
Q

what the the climatic limitiations for species richness

A

water availability and energy (light) availability

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21
Q

what are the 2 determinents of the island equilibrium model

A

isolation and size of area

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22
Q

what are the uses for the island equilibrium model

A

usful for design of protected areas

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23
Q

what is wrong with the island equilibrium model

A

it is oversimplified, also have to consider pop sizwhae + connectivity between habitats

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24
Q

what are the 4 community groups

A

canopy, grazer, producer, decomposer

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25
Q

5 main Interspecific interactions

A

competition, predation, herbivory, paratism, mutilism

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26
Q

why does the idea that strong comp leads to competitive exclusion not work in reality

A

there’s lots of specific niches (resource partitioning) with different tolerances, habitats and resource requirements

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27
Q

what are the types of defensive adaptations

A

mechanical (spines), chemical (skunks), aposematic colouring (warning), cryptic coloration (camouflage), batesian mimicry (harmless mimics harmful), müllerian mimicry (2 harmful mimic each other)

28
Q

explain under and over compensation in plants

A

undercompensation: grazed plant has lower fitness
Overconpensation: grazed plant has higher fitness due to herbivory migration routes (pollination) and plants stay dormant )but less flowers and respiration when herbivores aren’t present)

29
Q

what are plant defense adaptations

A

constitutive defenses (there before eg. spines + stings) and induced defences (there during attack eg. abscission)

30
Q

what factors drive community ecology

A

competition + predation, herbivory + symbiosis+facilitation

31
Q

what are the components of species diversity

A

species richness (no. different sp) + relative abundance (% of each species)

32
Q

why are food chains limited to 5-7 species

A

energetic hypothesis: inefficient energy tansfers (~10% transfered) and dynamic stability hypothesis: long chains are less stable

33
Q

what are the advantages of having high biodiversity

A

stability (better withstand disterbances), high productivity (more niches occupied)

34
Q

what are the limiting factors of food chain length

A

inefficient energy transfers, size of prey + feeding mechanisms, large carnivores can’t survive upon small prey (upper size limit), high energetic cost of catching prey

35
Q

what are direct and indirect examples of disturbances

A

direct: fires+storms, indirect: urbanisation

36
Q

what are the advantages to having disturbances

A

create opportunities for other species who haven’t been able to establish, enhance habaitat patchiness (maintin diversity), prevents slow colonisers from establishing (increases diversity)

37
Q

what processes is colonisation related to

A

tolerance (no effect), facilitation (help arrival) + inhibitionn (inhibit arrival)

38
Q

why do dominant species have the largest biomass

A

they could be better ar disease/preator avoidance and more competitve at obtaining resources

39
Q

how do we research species removal effects

A

natural experiments (in field), humans (land-clearing), mathmatical modelling (most uncertain), microcosm experiments

40
Q

how is an organism’s abumdance controlled

A

bottom-up and top-down control, agricultrual landscapes, national parks, fisheries

41
Q

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy can’t be destroyed or created, only transferred

42
Q

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics

A

entropy of closed systems always increases OR remains constant

43
Q

How is NPP calculated

A

GPP - respiration

44
Q

where are iron,nitrogen and phosphate limiteding

A

iron: in open oceans (only in central gyres), nitrogen: marine coastal waters, phosphate: freshwater

45
Q

What marine ecosystem has the highest NPP

A

coral reefs

46
Q

What marine ecosystem has the lowest NPP

A

open oceans

47
Q

why is trophic energy transfers inefficient

A

not all of the organism is eaten/digested, energy is used (respiration, movement) and the rest goes to decomposers (detrivores + coprovores)

48
Q

why are some biomass pyramids everted

A

aqauatic food webs as aquatic primaeym producers (eg. phytoplankton) are tiny

49
Q

in what form are global elements found

A

in gaseous (C,O,S,N)

50
Q

In what form are local elements found

A

solid/liquid (P,K,Ca)

51
Q

what are the 2 main human major impacts to chemical cycles

A

nutrient enrichment, and Greenhous Gases + Global warming

52
Q

what are the 3 levels of biodiversity

A

within species (genetics), within communities (sp. diversity) and within the landscape (community + ecosystem dioversity)

53
Q

what types of species cause significant hurdles in conservation and why

A

unknown unknows, scientists arent aware of them and thereofre are not conserved (could be vital to ecosystem + occupy very unique niche)

54
Q

3 types of diversity that make up landscape diversity

A

alpha (no. sp in habitats), beta(difference between habitats) and gamma (sp. diversity at landscape level)

55
Q

why preserve biodiversity- 3 reasons

A

biophilia, utilitarian/ usefullness, ecosystem functioning

56
Q

what are some ways to protect biodiversity

A

restore/improve habitat, combat climate change, end overharvesting, protect hotspots, esalish regional protected areas

57
Q

what are the 4 major elements for change

A

nutrient enrichement, depletion of atmospheric ozone, toxins in the environment, GGs + climate change

58
Q

what are the impacts of nutrient enrichment

A

eutrophication and biodiversity loss in terrestrial ecosystems

59
Q

what are the impacts of toxins in the environment

A

biological magnification (bioaccumulation), plastic waste strangulation + chemical leaching, fish feminisation (pharamaceuticals)

60
Q

what are the impacts of GGS and climate change (Global Change)

A

ocean acidification, glacial melt, coral bleachings, global warming

61
Q

what are the impacts of delepting atmospheric ozone

A

DNA damage/ cancer (mroe UV exposure), reduced phytoplankton growth

62
Q

what are the economic models for sustainable development

A

cowboy (each ofr their own) and spaceship (equally though out to last)

63
Q

what are the 2 solutions to reducing the human ecological footprints

A

reduce the population (not tolerable)or reduced the GHa per person (or capture resources in new ways)

64
Q

what are the 2 global strategies for sustainable development

A

UN sustainable development and the GCRF

65
Q

what is biodiversity inextricably linked to

A

economic development

66
Q
A

Ecology+Conservation (2 decks)

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