Echocardiography + Cardiomyopathy Flashcards
Type of signal used for imaging in echocardiography.
Longitudinal sound wave
Name the 3 modalities used in echocardiography and why each is used.
- M-mode: used for wall thickness and timing valve movement
- 2D imaging: depicts anatomic relationships and movement of cardiac structures related to each other
- Doppler: used for jet velocity, jet gradient, valve area, pressure gradient, diastolic function
What are the two Doppler modalities and what is each used for?
- Pulsed Wave: measures velocity at a specific site. Good for mitral valve inflow velocity and left ventricular outflow velocity.
- Continuous Wave: measures velocity at points along a vector. Good for Aortic Stenosis and Mitral Regurgitation.
Name 5 indications for echocardio imaging.
- evaluate SOB
- evaluate HF
- evaluate murmurs (valves: stenosis or regurg)
- evaluate arrhythmias
- evaluate shock of unclear etiology
Describe dilated cardiomyopathy
Systolic pathology with dilated ventricular chambers.
Describe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Diastolic pathology with thickened left ventricular wall and no dilation leading to a smaller size chamber.
Describe restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Diastolic pathology with non compliant heart walls leading to poor filling and stiff contraction.
Name two inflammatory causes of dilated cardiomyopathy.
Sarcoidosis
Viral Infection
-Coxsackie B and echovirus
Name two toxic causes of dilated cardiomyopathy.
EtOH
Chemotherapy
Two culprits in Heart Failure
Neurohormonal Disorder
- Angiotensin II (Renin-AgII System)
- NorEpi (SANS)
What are the blood tests performed for cardiomyopathy?
CBC, serum electrolytes, creatinine, albumin, LFTs (liver function tests) and urinalysis
Best two pharm agents for heart failure.
- ACE-Is
2. Beta Blockers (Carvedilol: nonselective)
When are diuretics indicated for HF?
Acute symptomatic heart failure. However, chronically stimulates neurohormonal response so patients must be slowly weaned off.
How is Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) best diagnosed on PE?
Auscultation:
Harsh crescendo-decrescendo murmur
-accentuated with valsalva and standing
Major cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Amyloidosis
-non degradable protein accumulates in the heart walls decreasing compliance
