Echocardiography Flashcards
1
Q
What can be assessed with 2D modality?
A
- Dimensions (LVEDV, LVESV, atrial size, La:Ao ratio)
- Volumes
- Systolic function (EF%)
- Wall motion
- Valve assessment
2
Q
What can be assessed with M-mode?
A
- Linear dimensions (wall thickness, chamber size LV in diastole and systole)
- Systolic function (FS%)
- E-point to septal separation (EPSS) – another way to determine how dilated LV
- Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) & Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) – plottin g movement of annulus over time – how much does it move during systole. TAPSE tool for right ventricular function
3
Q
Doppler color meaning
A
- BART –> Blue Away Red Towards
- Green = turbulence
4
Q
During the cardiac cycle, when do regurgitations occur?
A
- Mitral and tricuspid regurgitation occur during systole
- Aortic and pulmonic regurgitation occur during diastole
5
Q
What are the severity levels of sub aortic stenosis and the associated velocities?
A
See picture
6
Q
What are the severity levels of pulmonic stenosis and the associated velocities?
A
See picture
7
Q
Transmitral flow - What is the meaning of the E and A waves
A
E-wave = early filling wave = passive filling of LV when pressure falls below atrial pressure
A-wave = late filling wave secondary to atrial kick/contraction
Objective is to help assess diastolic dysfunction
8
Q
What is a normal E:A ratio and how does it change in diastolic dysfunction?
A
- Normal: 2:1
- Impaired relaxation <1 –> E wave is shorter and less steep (DTE), A wave is still OK so filling relies more on the atrial kick to fill the ventricle
- Pseudo-normal –> left atrial pressure rises with time (and LA size as well), therefore there is an increase in pressure gradient difference between atrium and ventricle –> increased E wave because of the pressure difference (even if relaxation is poor)
- Restrictive filling –> further stiffening of LV and very high atrial pressure AND decreased atrial function
