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Emodules Y3 > ECGs > Flashcards

ECGs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal dimensions of a P-wave?

A

0.1 seconds duration, 2.5mm high

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2
Q

How tall is a normal T-wave?

A

5-10mm

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3
Q

In which leads are T-waves always positive in a normal ECG?

A

Lead I

Lead II

aVF

V2-V6

T-waves can be inverted in V1-4 in children or V1-3 in adults and this can be normal.

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4
Q

What are U-waves indicative of?

A

Late repolarisation of the Purkinje fibres.

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5
Q

To estimate heart rate quickly, approximately what is the heart rate if there are a) 1 large square b) 2 large squares c) 3 large squares d) 4 large squares e) 5 large squares f) 6 large squares between the R-waves?

A

a) 30
b) 150
c) 100
d) 75
e) 60
f) 50

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6
Q

What does this ECG show?

A

Right Bundle Branch Block

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7
Q

What are the features of Right Bundle Branch Block on an ECG?

A

V1 - M shaped ST segment

V6 - Prolonged QRS

(Marrow)

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8
Q

What does this ECG show?

A

Left Bundle Branch Block

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9
Q

What are the features of Left Bundle Branch Block on an ECG?

A

V1 - prolonged QRS complex

V6 - M shaped QRS complex

(William or Vilhelm)

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10
Q

What does this ECG show?

A

First degree AV block

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11
Q

What are the features of a first degree AV block on an ECG?

A

Prolonged PR interval of more than 0.2 seconds.

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12
Q

What are some causes of a first degree AV block?

A

Coronary heart disease
Inferior wall MIs
Hyperkalaemia
Congenital abnormalities
Drugs e.g. beta blockers, digitalis and ccbs

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13
Q

What is the difference between second degree AV block type 1 and type 2?

A

Increasingly prolonged PR interval in type 1

Only ventricular rhythm is irregular in type 1

QRS complex may be normal for type 2 but can drop off in type 1

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14
Q

What are some causes of second degree AV block type 1?

A

Acute inferior wall MI

Drugs e.g. beta blockers, digitalis and ccbs

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15
Q

What are some causes of second degree AV block type 2?

A

Acute anterior wall MIs
Anteroseptal myocardial infarction
Cariomyopathy
Rheumatic heart disease
Coronary artery disease
Drugs e.g. beta blockers, digitalis and ccbs

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16
Q

Which type of second degree AV block is more dangerous?

A

Type 2 because it can progress to third degree complete block.

17
Q

What are the features of third degree complete block on an ECG?

A

Regular P-P intervals

Regular QRS to QRS intervals

However, these two are not linked or regular when compared to each other.

18
Q

What are some causes of third degree complete block?

A

Acute inferior and anterior myocardic infarction
Coronary heart disease
Excessive vagal tone
Myocarditis
Endocarditis
Age
Oedema from heart surgery
Medication toxicity from digitalis, beta blockers, ccbs

19
Q

What does systemic ST elevation indicate?

A

Pericarditis

20
Q

What should you always assume ST elevation indicates unless proven otherwise?

A

MI

Emodules Y3 (8 decks)

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