ECG changes Flashcards
Prolonged PR interval - Causes
idiopathic
ischaemic heart disease
digoxin toxicity
hypokalaemia*
rheumatic fever
aortic root pathology e.g. abscess secondary to endocarditis
Lyme disease
sarcoidosis
myotonic dystrophy
athleticism
Short PR interval - Causes
Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrome
Left axis deviation - Causes
left anterior hemiblock
left bundle branch block
inferior myocardial infarction
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome* - right-sided accessory pathway
hyperkalaemia
congenital: ostium primum ASD, tricuspid atresia
minor LAD in obese people
Right axis deviation - Causes
right ventricular hypertrophy
left posterior hemiblock
lateral myocardial infarction
chronic lung disease → cor pulmonale
pulmonary embolism
ostium secundum ASD
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome* - left-sided accessory pathway
normal in infant < 1 years old
minor RAD in tall people
Prolonged QT interval - Non-drug causes
Jervell-Lange-Nielsen syndrome (includes deafness and is due to an abnormal potassium channel)
Romano-Ward syndrome (no deafness)
electrolyte: hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia
acute myocardial infarction
myocarditis
hypothermia
subarachnoid haemorrhage
Prolonged QT interval - Drug causes
amiodarone, sotalol, class 1a antiarrhythmic drugs
tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (especially citalopram)
methadone
chloroquine
terfenadine
erythromycin
haloperidol
ondanestron
Short QT
Digoxin
Hypocalcemia
ST depression
secondary to abnormal QRS (LVH, LBBB, RBBB)
ischaemia
digoxin
hypokalaemia
syndrome X
ST elevation
myocardial infarction
pericarditis/myocarditis
normal variant - ‘high take-off’
left ventricular aneurysm
Prinzmetal’s angina (coronary artery spasm)
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
rare: subarachnoid haemorrhage
Increased P wave amplitude
Cor pulmonale
Notched P wave
A sign of left atrial enlargement, classically due to mitral stenosis
Absent P waves
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation
J waves - Causes
Hypothermia
U waves - Causes
Hypokalemia
