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Supporting Life > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior wall leads:

A

V3 and V4

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2
Q

Septum leads:

A

V1 and V2

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3
Q

Lateral wall lead:

A

V5, V6, I and aVL

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4
Q

Blockage in proximal LAD:

A

ST elevation in leads V1 to V6 with possible I and aVL
(anterior and lateral aspects as well as the septum are supplied by LAD)
This is referred to as an ‘extensive anterior MI’

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5
Q

Purpose of limb leads?

A

Observe the heart from top to bottom to see if there is a problem inferiorly

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6
Q

Purpose of the chest leads?

A

Examine the heart from right to left on a horizontal plane

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7
Q

Changes in leads II, III and aVF =

A

Inferior surface of the heart

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8
Q

Inferior surface of the heart =

A

Changes in leads II, III and aVF

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9
Q

Changes in leads V1-V4 =

A

Anterior surface

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10
Q

Anterior surface =

A

Changes in leads V1-V4

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11
Q

Changes in leads I, aVL, V5 and V6 =

A

Lateral surface

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12
Q

Lateral surface =

A

Changes in leads I, aVL, V5 and V6

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13
Q

Changes in leads V1 and aVR =

A

Right atrium and the cavity of the left ventricle

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14
Q

Right atrium and the cavity of the left ventricle =

A

Changes in leads V1 and aVR

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15
Q

What do you set the gain to?

A

10mm/mV

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16
Q

What do you set the speed to?

A

25mm/sec

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17
Q

Broad p wave indicates what?

A

Left atrium is very large

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18
Q

Tall peaky p wave indicates what?

A

Right atrium is bigger (right sided disease e.g. pulmonary hypertension)

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19
Q

Where are the p waves +ve?

A

Leads I and II (upright in sinus rhythm)

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20
Q

Where are the p waves best seen?

A

Leads II and V1

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21
Q

In lead V1 the p wave is…

A

Commonly biphasic

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22
Q

Amplitude and duration of p wave?

A

<2.5 small squares in amplitude

<3 small squares in duration

23
Q

PR interval =

A

0.12-0.2 seconds
3-5 little squares
Time from the start of the p wave to the start of the QRS

24
Q

Short PR interval can indicate what?

A

Structure that allows delay from the AVN to be skipped e.g. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

25
Q

Long PR can be physiologically caused by what?

A

Vagal stimulation

26
Q

Broad QRS indicates what?

A

Slow conduction

27
Q

Large QRS indicates what?

A

Large heart muscle

28
Q

V1 is in the RV whereas V6 is in the LV, what does this mean for QRS deflection?

A

QRS should show up as -ve on V1 and +ve on V6 due to the disparity in magnitude of conduction between the two ventricles

29
Q

How does ischaemia and infarction affect the ST segment?

A 
Ischaemia = depressed ST
Infarction = elevated ST
30
Q

T wave characteristics:

A

Usually upright
Usually goes in the direction of the QRS
Normally inverted in aVR and V1
Occasionally inverted in III

31
Q

What is the QT interval?

A

The time from the start of the QRS to the end of the t wave

Encompasses depolarisation and repolarisation

32
Q

How long is the QT interval?

A

Men <430ms

Women <450ms

33
Q

QT too long can lead to?

A

Torsades de pointes

34
Q

What is the U wave?

A

Repolarisation of the His-purkinje system and mid-myocardium

35
Q

Where is the U wave seen?

A

V2-4

Prominent in young people

36
Q

What electrolyte imbalances can cause U waves?

A

Hypokalaemia

Hypocalcaemia

37
Q

What are the three main epicardial vessels?

A

LAD down the anterior surface
Circumflex that extends laterally
Right coronary that feeds the right side and the bottom

38
Q

What occurs before chest pain?

A

ECG changes

39
Q

What can cause ischaemia?

A

Stenosis of around 75% in the coronaries
Aortic stenosis
Arrhythmia
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

40
Q

What is infarction?

A

Muscle dying due to vessel blockage causing ST elevation

41
Q

Why does ST elevate?

A

Different depolarisation happening in dying cells

42
Q

Anterior wall infarction (muscle dies) =

A

Decreased R wave as less depolarisation in that area
Increased amplitude of the Q wave as the area of muscle on the opposite side shines through
T wave inversion (can normalise months later)

43
Q

Posterior wall infarction =

A

Larger R wave and ST depression

44
Q

Anterior infarction (LAD) =

A

V1-4

45
Q

Massive anterior infarction =

A

V1-6

46
Q

Antero-septal infarction =

A

V1-2

47
Q

Anterolateral infarction (circumflex) =

A

V5-6

48
Q

Superior lateral infarction (circumflex) =

A

I, aVL

49
Q

Inferior infarction =

A

II, III, aVF

50
Q

Posterior infarction =

A

V1-3

51
Q

Horizontal/down-sloping ST depression =

A

Ischaemia

52
Q

Up-sloping ST depression =

A

Normal

53
Q

Left-sided leads:

A

I
aVL
V4-6

54
Q

Right-sided leads:

A

III
aVR
V1-3

Supporting Life (14 decks)

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