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YR 3 additional cards > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

What are some causes of tachycardia?

A 
Exercise
Pain
Anxiety
Pregnancy
Anaemia
Shock
Hypovolaemnia
Fever
Thyrotoxicosis
PE
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2
Q

What are some causes of bradycardia?

A 
Fitness
Hypothermia
Hypothyroid
SA node disease
Beta blocker
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3
Q

What are some causes of left-axis deviation?

A 
Inferior MI
LBBB
LVH/strain
WPW
VT

(less important: conduction defects, left anterior fascicular block, obesity, pregnancy, congenital heart defects)

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4
Q

What are some causes of right-axis deviation?

A

PE
RVH/strain (2 to COPD)
Antero-lateral MI
WPW

(less important: left posterior fascicular block, tall and thin)

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5
Q

What causes absent P waves?

A

AF
SVT
SA block

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6
Q

What causes bifid P waves?

A

P mitrale - Left atrial enlargement - MS/HF

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7
Q

What causes tall P waves?

A

Pulmonary HTN (primary, secondary to PE or COPD)
Pulmonary stenosis
Tricuspid stenosis

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8
Q

What causes inverse P waves?

A

Dextrocardia

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9
Q

What causes peaked P waves?

A

P pulmonale - right atrial hypertrophy

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10
Q

What causes a prolonged PR interval?

A

Heart block

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11
Q

What causes a shortened PR interval?

A

WPW syndrome
LGL syndrome
HOCM
Duchene’s muscular dystrophy

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12
Q

What causes pathological Q waves?

A

Old full thickness MI

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13
Q

What causes low amplitude QRS complex?

A 
Incorrect calibration
Obesity
COPD
Pericardial effusion
Myxoedema
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14
Q

What causes tall R waves in V1?

A 
RVH
RBB
PE
Posterior MI
Myocarditis
WPW syndrome
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15
Q

What causes deep S waves in V1/2 and tall R waves in V5/6?

A

LVH

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16
Q

What causes a slurred upstroke (i.e. delta wave)?

A

WPW

17
Q

What causes a broad QRS complex?

A

VT/VF
Hyperkalaemia
Complete AV block/3rd degree (Bradycardia)
BBB

18
Q

What causes a narrow QRS complex? (<3 small squares)

A

Normal
SVT
AF

19
Q

What causes LBBB?

A
  • IHD/STEMI
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • LVH (aortic stenosis, HTN)
  • Conduction system fibrosis
20
Q

What causes RBBB?

A
  • IHD
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • PE
  • RVH
  • Atrial septal defect
  • Ebstains abnormality
21
Q

What causes a long QT segment?

A

Hypothermia
Hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesemia
Congenital
Drugs: TCAs, chloroquine, class a1 anti-arrhythmic drugs
MI, myocarditis
Cerebral injury

22
Q

What causes a short QT segment?

A

Hyperthermia
Hypercalcaemia
Digoxin

23
Q

What causes ST depression?

A

MI - myocardial ischaemia
Digoxin, quinidine
Ventricular hypertrophy

24
Q

What causes ST elevation?

A

MI - acute full thickness myocardial infarction.
Prinzmetal angina
Left ventricular aneurism

25
Q

What causes a downwards slopping (“reverse tick”) ST depression?

A

Digoxin

26
Q

What causes widespread saddle-shaped ST elevation?

A

pericarditis

27
Q

What causes tall T waves?

A

Acute STEMI

Normal

28
Q

What causes tall tented T waves?

A

hyperkalaemia

29
Q

What causes small T waves?

A

Hypokalemia
Pericardial effusion
Hypothyroidism

30
Q

What causes inverted T waves?

A

Normal
• III, aVR, V1

General
•	ischaemia
•	Bundle branch blocks (V4 – 6 in LBBB and V –V3 in RBBB)
•	PE
•	LVH
•	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
31
Q

What causes biphasic T waves?

A

Ischemia

Hypokalaemia

32
Q

What causes flat T waves?

A 
Ischaemia
Electrolyte imbalance (hypokalaemia)
33
Q

What causes inverted T waves in V1-4?

A
  • Normal in children and black people
  • RBBB
  • PE
34
Q

What causes inverted T waves in V2-5?

A
  • Non q wave MI
  • Myertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • SAH
  • Lithium
35
Q

What causes inverted T waves in V4-6 + lateral?

A
  • LVH
  • MI
  • LBBB
36
Q

What causes U waves?

A

Hypokalaemia
Hypercalcaemia
hyperthryroidism

37
Q

Where do you place the chest leads V1-6?

A 
V1 - 4th ICS on right
V2 - 4th ICS on left
V3 - between V2 and V4
V4 - 5th ICS MCL
V4 - level with V4 at left anterior axillary line
V6 - level with V5 at mid axillary line
38
Q

What colours are each of the limb leads?

A

RA - red
LA - yellow
LL - green
RL - black

“Really Yellow and Green Bike” - clockwise starting at RA

YR 3 additional cards (8 decks)

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