ECG

Question 1

Normal axis

Answer 1

-30 to + 90 degrees

Question 2

Calculating rate: 300/ n.o. large squares

Answer 2

6 = 50
5 = 60
4 = 75
3 = 100
2 = 150
1 = 300

Question 3

Sinus rhythm

Answer 3

P waves

Followed by QRS complexes

Question 4

AF

Answer 4

No P waves

Irregularly irregular QRS complexes

Question 5

Atrial flutter

Answer 5

Regular
Saw tooth pattern
P = flutter wave

Question 6

Nodal rhythm

Answer 6

No P wave

Regular QRS complex

Question 7

Abnormal axes

Answer 7

I +ve, II -ve = leaving i.e. LAD -30 to -90 degrees

I -ve, II +ve = reaching i.e. RAD +90 to +180 degrees

Question 8

Causes of RAD

Answer 8

Anterolateral MI
RVH
PE

Question 9

Causes of LAD

Answer 9

Inferior MI
LVH
ASD - primum lower and larger

Question 10

Causes of abnormal P waves

Answer 10

Absent: AF, SAN block, nodal rhythm
Dissociated: complete heart block
P.mitrale (LA hypertrophy->bifid waves): HTN, AS, MR, MS
P.pulmonale (RA hypertrophy->peaked waves): pulm HTN, COPD

Question 11

Causes of abnormal QRS complexes

Answer 11

Wide QRS >120 ms: ventric. initiation, conduction defect, WPW

Pathological Q wave >1mm wide >2mm deep: full thickness MI