Ecg

Question 1

What are the ECG changes in right axis divination

Answer 1

1 &Vl down and Vf and 3 up

Question 2

What are the changes in left axis divination ?

Answer 2

1 &Vl up and Vf and 2 down

Question 3

What is the ECG change in LA hypertrophy

Answer 3

P mitrale: bifid p

Question 4

What is the ECG change in RA hypertrophy

Answer 4

P pulmonale I.e. Tall p

Question 5

What are the causes of RA hypertrophy

Answer 5

COPD, pulmonary hypertension, congenital HD

Question 6

What are the characteristics of LBBB AND RBBB?

Answer 6

LBBB: WiLLiaM 1&6 RBBB: MaRRoW 1&6

Question 7

What are the characteristic of LV hypertrophy?

Answer 7

S wave in V1 V5&6 night 35mm and possible T wave inversion

Question 8

What are the characteristics of RV hypertrophy

Answer 8

Right axes divination R wave over 5mm in R leads

Question 9

What are the causes of RBBB

Answer 9

Rheumatic heart disease Cor pulmonale Cardiomyopathy IHD PE CONGENITAL heart disease

Question 10

What are the causes of LBBB

Answer 10

Coronary artery disease Hypertension Dilated cardiomyopathy MI

Question 11

What are the causes of ST ELEVATION

Answer 11

Acute MI PERICARDITIS if over most leads

Question 12

What are the criteria of ST depression in MI

Answer 12

1mm in 2 consecutive limb lead or 2mm in chest

Question 13

What does t wave inversion indicate

Answer 13

Normal in V1 More than 2 leads = ischiaemia

Question 14

What are the characteristics of sinus sick rhythm and what are the causes?

Answer 14

Sinus bradycardia with ventricular escape rhythm C: idiopathic node fibrosis, digoxin, MI, cardiac surgery

Question 15

What are the changes in recent and old mi

Answer 15

Recent: inverted t and pathological q Old: pathological q

Question 16

What is the classification for tachycardia and bradycardia?

Answer 16

Under 60 and over 100

Question 17

What is the pattern of ischaemia in relation to the leads? v1-2; 3-4; 5-6; I-VL; II III VF

Answer 17

o V1-2: septal o V3-4: anterior o V5-6: lateral o I, aVL: high lateral o II, III, aVF: inferior

Question 18

What are the ECG changes in PE

Answer 18

Large S wave in I

Q and T wave inversion in III

RAD

Tachycardia

Question 19

What are the changes on the ECG in hyperkalaemia?

Answer 19

Low flat P

Broad bizarre QRS

Slurring into ST segment

Tall tented T

Question 20

name some narrow and broad complex tachycardias and their characteristics

Answer 20

Narrow:

• regular
  
  • p wave => atrial flutter and sinus tachycardia
  • no P=> AVNTR
• irregular: AF

Broad

• regular: VT, SVT with aberrance/BBB, 1:1 flutter
• irregular: VF, AF aberrent

Question 21

Name causes of AF

Answer 21

Ischaemic heart disease

Hypertension

Rheumatic heart disease

Thyrotoxicosis

Alcohol

Cardiomyopathy => dilation/hypertrophy

Chronic pulmonary disease

Post-cardiac surgery

Question 22

what are the characteristics of AVNRT (atrioventricular node re-entry tachycardia) on ECG?

Answer 22

regular rhythem

No P

HR 130-250

Question 23

What is the presentation of AVNRT?

Answer 23

Any age

Start and stop spontaneously

Variable duration seconds-days

Palpitations or sensation of rapid heart bit

Dizziness

Dyspnoea

Weakness

Neck pulsation

Central chest pain

Question 24

What is the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

Answer 24

Development of accessory pathways in foetal development