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Geriatrics > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the polarity of lead I and lead aVF in left axis deviation?

A

Lead I: +ve

Lead aVF: -ve

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2
Q

What are the common causes of left axis deviation?

A
  • Normal variant (increases with age)
  • LVH
  • LBBB
  • Left anterior fascicular block
  • Inferior MI
  • Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
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3
Q

Describe the polarity of lead I and lead aVF in right axis deviation?

A

Lead I: -ve

Lead aVF: +ve

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4
Q

What are the common causes of right axis deviation?

A
  • Normal variant (neonates)
  • RVH
  • RBBB
  • Left posterior fascicular block
  • Anterolateral MI
  • RV strain (PE, COPD, pulmonary HTN, pulmonary stenosis)
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5
Q

Describe the polarity of lead I and lead aVF in extreme right axis deviation?

A

Lead I: -ve

Lead aVF: -ve

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6
Q

What are the common causes of extreme right axis deviation?

A
  • Severe RVH

- Lateral MI

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7
Q

Describe the appearance of STEMI in its early stages on ECG.

A

Hyperacute = peaked T wave (no ST elevation)

ST elevation:

  • anteroseptal = V1-V2
  • anteroapical = V3-V4
  • anterolateral = V5-V6
  • lateral = I and aVL
  • inferior = II, III, aVF
  • posterior = V7-V9
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8
Q

Describe the appearance of STEMI in its intermediate stages on ECG.

A
  • Absence of R wave
  • T wave inversion
  • Pathological Q wave
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9
Q

Describe the appearance of AF on ECG.

A
  • Irregularly irregular RR intervals
  • Tachycardia
  • Indiscernible P waves
  • Narrow QRS complex (<0.12 seconds)
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10
Q

Which acute event might demonstrate AF on ECG?

A

Thromboembolic event –> Stroke/TIA

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11
Q

Describe the appearance of LBBB on ECG.

A
  • No R wave in lead V1
  • Deep S waves (forming characteristic W shape)
  • Wide, notched R waves in leads I, aVL, V5, and V6 (characteristic M shape)
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12
Q

Which acute event might demonstrate LBBB on ECG?

A

MI

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13
Q

Describe the appearance of RBBB on ECG.

A
  • An rsr’, rsR’, or rSR’ complete (characteristic ‘rabbit ears’ or M shape) in leads V1 and V2
  • Tall secondary R wave in lead V1
  • Wide, slurred S wave in leads I, V5, and V6 (W shape)
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14
Q

Which condition might demonstrate RBBB on ECG?

A

COPD

PE

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15
Q

Describe the appearance of acute pericarditis on ECG.

A
  • Diffuse (saddle-shaped) ST segment elevation
  • Diffuse PR segment depressions
  • T wave inversions
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16
Q

Describe the appearance of cardiac tamponade on ECG.

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Low voltage QRS
  • Electrical alternans
17
Q

Describe the appearance of hypokalaemia on ECG.

A
  • Flattened T waves
  • ST depression
  • Presence of U waves
18
Q

Describe the appearance of hyperkalaemia on ECG.

A
  • QRS complex widening
  • Peaked T waves
  • Widening and flattening of P wave
19
Q

Describe the appearance of hypocalcaemia on ECG.

A

Prolonged QT interval

20
Q

Describe the appearance of hypercalcaemia on ECG.

A

Shortened QT interval

21
Q

Describe the appearance of hypomagnesaemia on ECG.

A

Prolonged PR and QT intervals

22
Q

Describe the appearance of right atrial enlargement on ECG.

A

P pulmonale (tall P wave)

23
Q

In which condition is P pulmonale/RA enlargement commonly found?

A

COPD

24
Q

Describe the appearance of left atrial enlargement on ECG.

A

P mitrale (P wave is m shape)

25
Q

In which condition is P mitrale/LA enlargement commonly found?

A

Jugular venous distension in restrictive cardiomyopathy

26
Q

Describe the appearance of LVH on ECG.

A
  • Sokolow-Lyon criteria: RV5 or RV6 + SV1 or SV2 ≥ 3.5 mV

- Left ventricular strain pattern: ST depression with T wave inversion in the left precordial leads in a resting ECG

27
Q

In which condition is LVH commonly found?

A
  • Aortic stenosis
  • HTN
  • Coarctation of the aorta
28
Q

Describe the appearance of RVH on ECG.

A
  • Right axis deviation
  • Dominant R wave in lead V1 (R wave > 0.6 mV or R/S > 1)
  • Deep S wave in lead V5 (> 1 mV) or V6 (> 0.3 mV)
  • Sokolow-Lyon criteria: RV1 or R2 + SV5 or S6 ≥ 1.05 mV
29
Q

In which conditions is RVH commonly found?

A
  • Pulmonary HTN
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • COPD

Geriatrics (5 decks)

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