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Cardiology > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

Bipolar Leads

A

I,II & III

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2
Q

Augmented Bipolar Leads

A

AVL, AVF, AVR

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3
Q

Monopolar Leads

A

V1-6

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4
Q

VT

A

A tachycardia originating from the ventricles which is life-threatening as it can lead to VF and asystole
It can be Monomorphic (all beats the same) or polymorphic (variations in wave shape). This should be treated with cardioversion if they still have a pulse or defibrillated if in pulseless VT

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5
Q

VF

A

The uncoordinated fibrillation of the heart. This is most common defibrillatible rhythm. It looks crazy, with smaller, more variable waves than VT

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6
Q

AF

A

The most common arrhythmia, may be asmyptomatic or associated with fainting, palpitations,chest pain, CHF and increased stroke risk
ECG will show no P waves and pulse is irregular

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7
Q

Flutter

A

An arrhythmia which is characterized by an atrial reentrant rhythm producing a ‘saw-tooth’ pattern instead of P waves which can be type I (240-340 beats) or type II (340-440). The ventricles contract at 3:1 or 4:1, and can be counterclockwise (common) where flutter waves are negative in II, III & AVR, or clockwise which is positive

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8
Q

Wolf-parkinson-white Syndrome

A

There is an abnormal accessory pathway causing early ventricular depolarisation (delta wave) but rarely causes sudden cardiac death. May present as SVT. Can be cured with catheter ablation

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9
Q

STEMI

A

An MI with cell death as opposed to angina

Will show inverted T waves, pathological Q waves & ST elevation.

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10
Q

NSTEMI

A

An MI which is not as serious as a STEMI and shows inverted T waves, pathological Q waves & ST depression

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11
Q

PE changes

A

S1, Q3, T3 –> rarely seen due to right ventricle strain. S wave in lead I & a Q wave and inverted T wave in III

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12
Q

LBBB

A

WiLiaM - RSR wave in V6 & qRs in V1 due to damage to the left branch of the bundle of his causing the left ventricle to contract slower

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13
Q

RBBB

A

MaRroW - RSR wave in V1 & qRs in V6 due to damage to the left branch of the bundle of his causing the left ventricle to contract slower

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14
Q

Signal Averaged ECG

A

Averages and amplifies abnormal low-amplitude signals after the QRS, and is useful for looking for ventricular arrhythmia’s after an MI

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15
Q

SVT

A

A tachycardic rhythm originating from above the AV node. They often come on and resolve spontaneously, with SOB, pounding in the chest, dizziness and LOC. They typically present at 150-270bpm. Unlike VT they are narrow complex

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16
Q

Digoxin Toxicity

A

Presents with a ‘scooped out’ ST segment across the ECG and N+V, confusion and seeing yellow/green halos around light/colour vision disturbance.

17
Q

Torsades de Pontes

A

Polymorphic VT in the context of prolonged resting QT interval

18
Q

Acute Pericarditis

A

Can be normal (ureamic pericarditis) but may show saddle-shaped ST elevation throughout the ECG, possibly with low voltage throughout

19
Q

Axis Deviation

A

Mean direction of current in the heart.
Normally I and II are positive
In left axis deviation II is negative
In right axis deviation I is negative

20
Q

1st Degree Heart Block

A

A fixed prolongation of the PR interval above 200ms due to disease or increased vagal tone (athletes)

21
Q

2nd Degree Heart Block, Moditz type 1, Wenkebach phenomenon

A

A progressive prolongation of the PR interval causing a missed 3rd/4th beat, giving a missed beat. This gives strings of 3 to 4 sinus beats with increasing distance between them

22
Q

2nd Degree Heart Block, Moditz type 2

A

A intermittent failure of conduction leading to ‘dropped beats’ which are not preceded or followed by changes in the PR interval

23
Q

3rd Degree Heart Block

A

A total failure for impulses to conduct from the atria, leading to total dissociation between the P waves and the QRS

24
Q

PR interval

A

120-200ms, up to 5 small squares

25
Q

QRS complex

A

120ms, 3 small squares

26
Q

QT interval

A

440ms in males, 460ms in females

27
Q

Drug causes of torsades de pointes

A 
Anti-arrythmics
Amiodarone
Methadone
Lithium
Chloroquine
Erythromycin
Amphetamine
28
Q

Hypokalaemia ECG changes

A 
P wave is wider and taller
Prolonged PR
T wave flat and inverted
ST depression 
Prominent U waves (precordial leads)
Long QU interval
SVT
29
Q

ECG changes in hypothermia

A 
Bradyarrhythmias
J waves (Osborne waves)
Prolonged PR, QRS and QT intervals
Shivering artefact
Ventricular ectopics
VT/VF/asystole
30
Q

Treatment of rate controlled atrial fibrillation

A

Beta blockers
Rate limiting CCBs
Digoxin second line

31
Q

Treatment of rhythm controlled atrial fibrillation

A

Sotalol
Amiodarone
Flecainide

Cardiology (15 decks)

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