EBT

Question 1

What is meant by Evidence-Based Interventions

Answer 1

Can be broken down into ‘evidence’ and ‘based’. Interventions methods based on having one or more reason for believing something is true.
It is any psychotherapy or intervention that has shown to be effective.
Interventions are supported by empirical, scientific research to consistently show improved outcomes.

Question 2

What are the steps in Random Control Trials?

Answer 2

1) Determine inclusion and exclusion criteria
2) Random assignment of control and treatment group (should be blind)
3) Baseline measurement (for the given construct)
4) Treatment/intervention given (or not for control group)
5) Outcome Measurement
6) Comparison

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Question 3

What is meant by ‘evidence based’?

Answer 3

Anything with empirical data to back it, data that has been gathered using ‘scientific methods’

Question 4

What will be the leading cause of disability by 2030?

Answer 4

Depression

Question 5

What are the aims of the global mental health movement? What is it addressing?

Answer 5

GMH started to address global inequalities in mental health care and lack of access to services.
Main aim to address the disparities in access to mental health
Advocate for making services accessible for people who can’t afford them.

Question 6

What principles are the global mental health movement build on?

Answer 6

Scientific evidence and human rights.

Question 7

What was Sackett’s definition for evidence-based practices?

Answer 7

The conscientious explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients
Need to change the idea that we teach what we know works traditionally and create an evidence base.
Essentially, we need to recommend treatment based on evidence showing it is the best option.

Question 8

How have evidence-based practices manifested in psychology?

Answer 8

Studies conducted in 70’s showing that most psychotherapies work for most people i.e., therapies are more or less effective as one another.
Research allowed for therapeutic interventions to have greater perceived validity.
Despite these findings psychiatrists underplayed the value of therapeutic intervention.
Evidence began to mean randomised control trials.

Question 9

How does the APA define evidence-based pratices?

Answer 9

Policy that emphasises integrating the best-available research with clinical expertise int he contexts of the patients culture, individual characteristics and personal preferences.
Intends to maximise patients choice about treatment.

Question 10

List 5 of 9 methods that constitute for best research evidence.

Answer 10

Meta-analyses (gold standard plus)
RCT
Effectiveness Studies
Process Studies
Single-case Reports
Qualitative and Ethnographic research
Clinical observation (observe and report)
Increased Recognition of Mental Disorders (studies how CMD are highly prevalent)

Question 11

What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness?

Answer 11

Efficacy: extent to which we get expected results under ideal conditions. Threats to internal validity are minimised. (GOOD RCT because sterile environment). Considered pure.
Effectiveness: extent to which we get expected results in real-world conditions. Chance of confounds increases but good to see how things work outside of a lab.

Question 12

What is the definition of an Evidence-Based Treatment?

Answer 12

Psychological interventions that have been shown by means of empirical research to reduce symptomology and increase functioning among clients, at a rate which is beyond what could have occurred by chance.

Question 13

What are the steps for generating an EBT?

Answer 13

1) Specify patient characteristics
2) Randomisation to intervention and control groups
3) Manualised Interventions
4) Using multiple outcome measures
5) Statistically significant effect sizes
6) Replication

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Question 14

What are the drawbacks with specifying patient characteristics?

Answer 14

Unrealistic to have patients with a single disorder.
Limits who we can generalise the findings to –> we use a very specific group.

Question 15

What are the drawbacks with Randomisation?

Answer 15

TUA is not a thing in psychology as it is with medicine.
We know all therapies are basically effective.
We need to be careful of undertrained therapists in the control sessions.

Question 16

What are the drawbacks with Manualised interventions?

Answer 16

Manuals can act as obstacles to reality.
Highlights the assumption that techniques are the most important factor.
Highlights the assumption of Western measures of what being healthy is.
It assumes a one-size-fits all approach.

Question 17

What are the drawbacks with using multiple outcome measures?

Answer 17

Slanted reporting of outcomes (e.g., reports on something decreasing smoking but was intended to decrease depression).
Need to consider the appropriateness of measures and psychometric validity.

Question 18

What are the drawbacks with statistically significant effect size?

Answer 18

Good for efficacy but means nothing regarding clinical observation.
Improvement is not equal to recovery.

Question 19

What are the drawbacks with replication?

Answer 19

Assumes a cookbook approach.
Assumption of what it means to be healthy.
Assumes one-size-fits all.