Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EBM-2 > EBM Slides > Flashcards

EBM Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What are case series best for

A
  • Hyp generating
  • highlights new disease threats- AIDS, ZIKA
  • Unknown drug effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the testing threshold criteria

A
  • is the patient going to die
  • is the treatment effective
  • is early treatment better
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain the concept of validity

A

Internal validity
- was the study done correctly so that there are no flaws
External validity
- is this study generalizable to the overall population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

RCT vs Observational

A
  • Observational studies look at the relationship btwn and exposure and an outcome but don’t really paint the whole picture. A strong association doesn’t really mean causation.
  • RCT trials can more strongly show a link btwn an exposure and a outcome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do things go wrong in diagnostic testing

A
  • Assuming lab tests are 100% accurate
  • looking for rare disease
  • not actually examining patients
  • locking on a diagnoses without pursuing other options
  • Patients with multiple disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the two types of statistical errors

A

Type 1(a) error- You Are A liAr- basically is when you see an association that just isn’t there.

Type 2(b) error- You are BLIND to the truth- you say you don’t see an association but it’s there sis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the problems that RCTs have

A
  1. Very expensive
  2. Low power
  3. Randomizing and concealment issues
    - Concealment only happens once in the beginning of the study by allocating patients based on preference.
  4. Inadequate blinding/placebo
  5. Adherence/Crossover
    - Crossover is when a patient is taking multiple diff treaments
  6. Intention to treat vs Per protocol
  7. Early stopping.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name some advantages of a prospective Cohort study

A
  • Hyp gen or test
  • More complete info compared to retro
  • Very expensive and time consuming
  • Confounding and loss to follow up
  • Best for diagnostic or prognosis questions (ex radiation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the perfect study for intervention and exposure

A
  • RCT
  • All patients are similar before randomization
  • 100% follow up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the benefits of a systematic meta analysis -

A
  • Hyp testing mostly
  • cheaper, all you have to do is give a summary of all the studies
  • Dependent on quality of the primary date which often times is trash
  • Best for questions that lacking the best over study.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the pros and Cons of a RCT

A
  • Hyp test and some sub groups can be used to generate and Hyp
  • Has the least confounders of any study design
  • Subject to stricter ethical guidelines
  • Expensive/time consuming/ non adherence/ crossover
  • Best for determining actuall relationship btwn exposure and outcome. Screening/prevention or diagnostic and therapeutic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do we report the outcomes of diagnostic and prognostic studies

A
  • The results of Cohort studies are reported as
  • SN, SP, LR,ROC
  • PPV
  • CI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some common pitfalls for PICO

A
  • Selection bias, patients may be more sick or less sick than the average
  • The intervention may be too costly or just not realistic for your patient
  • The particular study may have low internal validity
  • The outcome may not be true
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the treatment guidelines for a healthy patient

A
  • disease is very deadly
  • tests are very accurate
  • early detection saves lives
  • the benefits of screening outweigh the harms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which test would be best at showing treatment improved mortality btwn a screened an unscreened group?

A

RCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Case Control studies good for

A
  • Hyp generators and Hyp testing
  • Very cheap
  • Has a ton of confoundings and bias
  • Best for rare outcomes
17
Q

What are the issues of systematic reviews.

A
  1. Most studies are trash so you’ll just be reviewing trash which is a waste of time
  2. Smaller published trials tend to have much more of an impact than larger trials.
18
Q

What does the P value represent

A
  • Probability that this event is true even when the null hypothesis is true due to complete chance
  • In English. This is the probability that there is an association btwn two events even though in reality there shouldn’t be.
19
Q

What is the perfect study for diagnosis and prognosis questions

A

Cohort study. That has an extremely large power and is prospective

20
Q

How do we reduce the two types of error

A

Type 1- reduce the P interval, by making it smaller there’s less chance of picking up occurrences that are due to chance.

Type 2- Increase the power of the study, if you go looking for something you will find it. The sample size might be too small to see the link

21
Q

What stops a study from being perfect

A
  • Ethics
  • Danger to patients
  • Not enough data
  • Too much time
22
Q

How are intervention and exposure studies reported

A
  • RCT outcomes are reported via absolute risk diff,
  • NNT
  • P value and CI
23
Q

What is the difference btwn intention to treat vs per protocol

A
  1. Intention to treat follows patients regardless if the stop the study to record the out come
  2. Per protocol only analyzes patients if they completed the drug regimen which skews towards a more positive result these studies have terrible internal validity
24
Q

What are the treatment threshold guidelines

A
  • is the treatment toxic
  • is the prognosis poor without treatment
  • is there a definitive diagnostic risk to treatment
25
Q

What is a case series?

A
  • AKA clinical series is a type of medical research that tracks subjects with a known exposure to a pathogen or substance and examines there medical records for an outcome.
26
Q

What is a confidence interval

A
  • Basically if you kept repeating a process over and over again X% of results should fall within this interval
  • Provides precision of results and how accurate the results are.
  • CI also tells us how far away we are from the null hypothesis.
27
Q

List some problems with observational studies.

A
  1. Confounding by indication
    - are the patients dying because they are sick or are they dying because of the drug idk
  2. Selection bias
  3. Recall bias especially in retrospective studies
  4. Ascertain meant bias- type 2 error, can’t properly identify the exposure
28
Q

Name some pros of a retrospective Cohort study

A
  • Hyp generation or Hyp testing
  • Really cheap
  • Lots of confounding, missing info, loss to follow up
  • Best for diagnosis or prognosis questions ex( radiation exposure)
29
Q

Describe the diff types of RCTs

A
  1. Crossover- is when patients are receiving diff types of treatment during different time periods. So basically crossing over to new treatments.
  2. Cluster is when you randomize an environment like a hospital
  3. Non inferiority RCT- basically testing one treatment against another not a placebo (must a ask for a pro protocol analysis)

EBM-2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions