EBM Flashcards
Primary prevention
Prevention of initial development of disease (immunization, smoking cessation)
Secondary prevention
Early detection in pre-clinical phase to slow progression or prevent complications (screening)
Tertiary prevention
Reducing impact of disease or comorbidities (diabetic foot checks, stroke rehab)
Normal stage in history of disease
No disease present
Preclinical phase in history of disease
Time from onset of disease to when symptoms first appear
Clinical phase in history of disease
Time when symptoms first appear through course of disease (including dx and tx)
Mortality rate
of deaths d/t specific cause in a given population size per unit time
Case-fatality rate
of people who die from a disease / # of people who have that disease
5-year survival
Survival rate at 5 years
Median survival
Time at which 50% are surviving from a given disease
Lead time bias
Occurs when screening finds a cancer earlier than that cancer would have been diagnosed solely d/t symptoms BUT the earlier diagnosis does nothing to change course of disease
Length bias
Refers to the fact that screening is more likely to pick up slower growing, less aggressive cancers, which can exist in the body longer than fast-growing cancers before symptoms develop
Overdiagnosis bias
Extreme example of length bias in which a slow growing cancer found by screening never would have caused them harm or required treatment