EBL 1 Learning Recaps Flashcards
•Know the 8 primary endocrine glands making up the endocrine system and secondary endocrine glands too. You should be able to name the main hormones associated with each gland.
•Understand the three main ways in which hormone release can be triggered (humoral, neurotransmitter, hormonal) and what the release pathway looks like for each hormone.
•Explain positive and negative feedback loops for the hormones and link which type applies to each individual hormone and why this is important.
•Name and describe which receptors each hormone binds to, what type of receptors these are classed as and how the hormones reach their receptor.
•Describe main characteristics of type I and type II (nuclear) steroid receptors and the consequence of activation by steroids hormones.
•Steroid hormones have genomic (nuclear receptors) and non-genomic actions (GPCRs) – describe how these occur.
•Describe how some hormones can bind to tyrosine kinase receptors (insulin) or GPCRs (amino acid based hormones).
•Breakdown into the main 3 groups by chemical structure with examples
•Have information on size, mol weight, isoelectric point – (pI) – know whether ions / zwitterions, neutral, & if glycosylated or not (and why this is important)
•What type route of administration / type of formulation may be more appropriate and why
For any gland build overview as suggested below:
•Link gland with main functions & hormones (where they are produced).
•Link this with what type of receptors they work through and disorders
•Link with agonist / antagonist activity needed & what routes of administration required
•Link this with what is already available on the market & what gaps there are
•Link with any reason why you can think the gap exists and may prevent this being a market
•Disease / Hormone / Treatment should be considered as these may be the most important determining factors. You should understand why eg
–systemic / local / transdermal therapy required
–release from formulation / absorption through skin
•Need to understand the structure of the skin and how drugs penetrate skin from semi-solid and transdermal formulations
•Also need to understand what physicochemical properties are needed for penetration through skin required.
•Consider excipients, API and processing parameters of chosen formulation
•Consider indication (use), what the API is and what the excipients are for an example from each type formulation (cream, ointment, paste, gel, patch)
•Understand the function / role of different excipients
–Are there any similarities in the bases for each?
•Why one formulation may be better for a particular indication and why. Also consider patient preferences
