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EBCR III > EBCR III > Flashcards

EBCR III Flashcards

Intro to Study Designs

1
Q

Relative strength of Evidence: Hierarchy of study

A

RCT>[Cohort>Case-Control> Cross-Sectional]>Case Series/Case Reports>Ideas, Opinions, and reviews

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2
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A
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3
Q

Study Designs

A

no hypothesis test>Descriptive
Testing a hypothesis> Analytical >Experimental or Observational

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4
Q

How to evaluate causal inference (i.e. cause and effect)

A
  1. temporality
  2. Strength
    3.Dose-response
  3. Replication
  4. Biologic plausibility
  5. Alternate explanation
  6. Cessation of exposure
  7. Specificity
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5
Q

Cross-sectional Study

A

Identify the prevalence or characteristics of a condition in a group of individuals (prevalence study)
- Snapshot of the population at a certain point in time
-hypothesis generating

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6
Q
A
  • define population
  • gather data on exposure and disease
  • Exposed; have disease, Exposed; Do NOT have disease, NOT Exposed; Have Disease, NOT exposed; Do NOT have disease
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7
Q

Wha

A
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8
Q

What are the four possible groups in a Cross-Sectional Study?

A
  1. Exposed; have disease
  2. Exposed; Do NOT have disease
  3. NOT Exposed; Have Disease
  4. NOT exposed; Do NOT have disease
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9
Q

How to obtain information

A
  • define population
  • gather data on exposure and disease
  • Exposed; have disease, Exposed; Do NOT have disease, NOT Exposed; Have Disease, NOT exposed; Do NOT have disease
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10
Q

Advantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A

Easy Design
Data on exposure and outcome collected at one point in time
Studies are often accomplished by questionnaire, interview, or review of medical info in large database

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11
Q

Cohort Study Design

A

-identifies 2 groups of pts (cohort) - exposed and not exposed
-the 2 cohorts are observed over time to see which develops the outcome of interest
-can be perspective or retrospective
-can calculate the incidence of the disease

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11
Q

Case-Control Study

A
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12
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A
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12
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
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13
Q

Case-Control Study

A

-A study which selects patients who have the outcome of interest (Cases) and pts w/o that outcome (controls), and looks back in time to identify characteristics that are inked to the outcome in case pts
-case control studies are retrospective

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
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15
Q
A
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15
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15
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
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15
Q

Case-Control Study

A

-A study which selects patients who have the outcome of interest (Cases) and pts w/o that outcome (controls), and looks back in time to identify characteristics that are inked to the outcome in case pts
-case control studies are retrospective

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15
Q

Cohort Study

A

-identifies 2 groups of pts (cohort) - exposed and not exposed
-2 cohorts are observed over time to see which develops the outcome of interest
-Can be prospective or retrospective
-can calculate the incidence of the disease

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16
Q

Bias in study designs

A

-Systemic error in study design or in the way study subjects are selected, measured, and analyzed that can lead to incorrect findings

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17
Q
A
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17
Q

Bias in study designs

A

-Systemic error in study design or in the way study subjects are selected, measured, and analyzed that can lead to incorrect findings

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18
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
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19
Q

What can bias in study designs lead to?

A

-mistake estimate of an exposure’s effect on outcome
-over/underestimation of the efficacy of treatment
-error in outcome interpretation

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20
Q

Types of Bias

A
  • selection bias
  • information bias
  • recall bias
  • reporting bias
  • publication bias
  • interviewer bias
  • misclassification bias
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21
Q

Selection bias

A

An error in the selection of or sampling of individuals for a clinical study

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21
Q

Information bias

A

An error in the recording of individual factors of a study

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22
Q

Selection bias

A

An error in the selection of or sampling of individuals for a clinical study

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23
Q

Information bias

A

An error in the recording of individual factors of a study

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23
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
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24
Q

Recall bias

A

Better recall in cases vs controls

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25
Q

reporting bias

A

reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions

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26
Q

Publication bias

A

only results with positive outcomes are published

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26
Q

Interviewer bias

A

interviews not conducted informally

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27
Q

misclassification bias

A

controls misclassified as cases or with respect to exposure

27
Q

reporting bias

A

reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions

27
Q

misclassification bias

A

controls misclassified as cases or with respect to exposure

28
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
28
Q

Publication bias

A

only results with positive outcomes are published

29
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
30
Q

Publication bias

A

only results with positive outcomes are published

30
Q

reporting bias

A

reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions

31
Q

Case-Control Design

A
  • Study which selects patients who have the outcome on interest (cases) and pts w/o that outcome (controls), and looks back in time to identify characteristics that are linked to the outcome in case pts
  • Case controls studies are retrospective
32
Q
A
32
Q

Publication bias

A

only results with positive outcomes are published

32
Q

What can bias in study designs lead to?

A

-mistake estimate of an exposure’s effect on outcome
-over/underestimation of the efficacy of treatment
-error in outcome interpretation

32
Q

reporting bias

A

reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions

32
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
32
Q

How to control for confounding

A
  • randomization
  • Restriction
  • Matching
  • Regression methods
  • Stratification
32
Q

Confounding

A

Occurs when factors (confounders) are present that are correlated to the independent variable and affect the dependent variable
–alters the ability to determine the true effect of the independent variable. on the dependent variable (outcome). It may hide OR exaggerate a trie association

32
Q

Case-Control Design

A
  • Study which selects patients who have the outcome on interest (cases) and pts w/o that outcome (controls), and looks back in time to identify characteristics that are linked to the outcome in case pts
  • Case controls studies are retrospective
33
Q

Confounding

A

Occurs when factors (confounders) are present that are correlated to the independent variable and affect the dependent variable
–alters the ability to determine the true effect of the independent variable. on the dependent variable (outcome). It may hide OR exaggerate a trie association

33
Q

Publication bias

A

only results with positive outcomes are published

33
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
33
Q

reporting bias

A

reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions

33
Q
A
34
Q

How to control for confounding

A
  • randomization
  • Restriction
  • Matching
  • Regression methods
  • Stratification
34
Q

What can bias in study designs lead to?

A

-mistake estimate of an exposure’s effect on outcome
-over/underestimation of the efficacy of treatment
-error in outcome interpretation

34
Q

Case-Control Design

A
  • Study which selects patients who have the outcome on interest (cases) and pts w/o that outcome (controls), and looks back in time to identify characteristics that are linked to the outcome in case pts
  • Case controls studies are retrospective
35
Q

Bias vs Confounding

A

bias - method used to select subjects, collect data and results in incorrect association
confounding - observed association is due to “lurking” variable that’s associated with risk factor (exposure) and outcome

36
Q

randomization

A

works by balancing the factors that can confound results between cases and controls

36
Q

restriction

A

excluding individuals with potential confounding characteristics

37
Q

regression methods

A

adjusts for potential confounders through mathematical modeling (e.g., logistic regression)

37
Q

matching

A

adjusts for factors by making like-to-like comparisons

38
Q

Publication bias

A

only results with positive outcomes are published

38
Q

regression methods

A

adjusts for potential confounders through mathematical modeling (e.g., logistic regression)

38
Q

randomization

A

works by balancing the factors that can confound results between cases and controls

38
Q

matching

A

adjusts for factors by making like-to-like comparisons

39
Q

reporting bias

A

reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions

39
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
40
Q

matching

A

adjusts for factors by making like-to-like comparisons

40
Q

Confounding

A

Occurs when factors (confounders) are present that are correlated to the independent variable and affect the dependent variable
–alters the ability to determine the true effect of the independent variable. on the dependent variable (outcome). It may hide OR exaggerate a trie association

40
Q

randomization

A

works by balancing the factors that can confound results between cases and controls

40
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
41
Q

Publication bias

A

only results with positive outcomes are published

41
Q

regression methods

A

adjusts for potential confounders through mathematical modeling (e.g., logistic regression)

41
Q

Stratification

A

Divides the dataset into homogenous subgroups and no subset analyses

41
Q

reporting bias

A

reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions

41
Q

What can bias in study designs lead to?

A

-mistake estimate of an exposure’s effect on outcome
-over/underestimation of the efficacy of treatment
-error in outcome interpretation

41
Q
A
42
Q

Publication bias

A

only results with positive outcomes are published

42
Q

Stratification

A

Divides the dataset into homogenous subgroups and no subset analyses

42
Q

randomization

A

works by balancing the factors that can confound results between cases and controls

42
Q

Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study

A
42
Q

matching

A

adjusts for factors by making like-to-like comparisons

42
Q

Confounding

A

Occurs when factors (confounders) are present that are correlated to the independent variable and affect the dependent variable
–alters the ability to determine the true effect of the independent variable. on the dependent variable (outcome). It may hide OR exaggerate a trie association

43
Q

regression methods

A

adjusts for potential confounders through mathematical modeling (e.g., logistic regression)

44
Q
A
44
Q

What can bias in study designs lead to?

A

-mistake estimate of an exposure’s effect on outcome
-over/underestimation of the efficacy of treatment
-error in outcome interpretation

44
Q

reporting bias

A

reluctance to report exposure based on attitudes, beliefs, perceptions

EBCR III (4 decks)

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