Eating Sustainably Midterm

Question 1

What is a calorie?

Answer 1

Energy needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

Question 2

Canada’s Food Guide recommends?

Answer 2

Have plenty of vegetables.

Eat protein foods.

Make water your drink of choice.

Choose whole grain foods.

Question 3

Canada ranks #1 in production of what foods?

Answer 3

Maple syrup and Canola

Question 4

Food processing is considered to be what part of the agri-food system?

Answer 4

Secondary

Question 5

Which CLI classifications would describe dependable agricultural land?

Answer 5

Class 1, 2, and 3

Question 6

Which of the following agricultural “revolutions” is associated with Norman Borlaug?

Answer 6

Green Revolution

Question 7

What factors influence soil development?

Answer 7

Time

Parent Material

Climate

Topography

Plants and animals

Question 8

What is the first trophic level of a soil food web?

Answer 8

Plants

Question 9

What are some benefits of soil organic matter?

Answer 9

Nutrient source for plants and animals.

Soil temperature regulation.

Improved water retention and aeration.

Question 10

What are some benefits of conservation tillage?

Answer 10

Reduced soil erosion.

Reduced water evaporation.

Reduced Greenhouse Gas emissions.

Question 11

True or False. Soils provide an unlimited supply of bioavailable plant nutrients.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

What are some soil conditions that might lead to nutrient deficiencies.

Answer 12

Sandy soils.

Soils with alkaline pH values.

Eroded soils.

Question 13

Name a plant macronutrient.

Answer 13

Phosphorus.

Question 14

In agricultural systems biological N fixation involves a symbiotic relationship between what two organisms?

Answer 14

Rhizobia and cyanobacteria

Question 15

List the correct N transformation.

Answer 15

Denitrification: NO3 to N2 gas

Nitrification: NH4 to NO3

Biological N fixation: N2 gas to NH4 in soil

Question 16

Which major plant nutrient is difficult to manage because it is easily leached from soils?

Answer 16

Nitrogen

Question 17

Which major plant nutrient is difficult to manage because it is very strongly held by soils?

Answer 17

Phosphorus

Question 18

How can farmers reduce water losses from soils?

Answer 18

Controlling unwanted vegetation.

Fallow periods.

Mulches.

Conservation tillage.

Question 19

What are the challenges associated with irrigation?

Answer 19

Water quality issues (salt content)

Arid areas do not have access to good quality water.

Water quantity issues.

Question 20

What is a nematicide?

Answer 20

A pesticide dealing with nematodes (worms).

Question 21

What is a systemic pesticide?

Answer 21

A pesticide that is absorbed by organism and translocated

Question 22

Name two ways (or more) of controlling pests that do not involve pesticides?

Answer 22

Cultural control.

Physical/ mechanical control.

Biological control.

Genetic control.

Natural chemical control.

Question 23

Which of the following is a herbicide commonly used on corn crops?

Answer 23

Atrazine

Question 24

What is Bt corn?

Question 25

Which of the following would be considered a first line of dense in IPM?

Answer 25

Crop rotations.

Question 26

Farrowing pens are used in the production of what animal?

Answer 26

Pork.

Question 27

True or False. Beef cattle are fed a diet of grains for their entire life?

Answer 27

False

Question 28

This crop is considered to be the "queen" of forage.

Answer 28

Alfalfa

Question 29

This livestock has the lowest feed conversion ratio?

Answer 29

Chicken

Question 30

What are free range eggs?

Answer 30

Must have access to the outdoors.

Question 31

How does feed differ for a laying hen then a broiler chicken?

Answer 31

More calcium as hens need it to produce shells.

Question 32

What are some sustainability issues related to the raising of livestock?

Answer 32

Amount of land required to raise. Greenhouse gas emissions. Water usage.

Question 33

What are the layers of the IPM pyramid?

Answer 33

1. Cultural 2. Physical/ Mechanical 3. Biological 4. Chemical (biorational pesticide). 5. Chemical (pesticide).

Question 34

What are the three pillars of sustainability?

Answer 34

Economy. Society. Environment

Question 35

Why does genetic diversity matter in agriculture?

Answer 35

Can provide cost effective way for farmers to manage pests/ diseases. Manage climate risks. Can contribute to health and nutrition.

Question 36

What are the five factors in the USLE?

Answer 36

R - Rainfall erosivity K - Soil erodibility LS - Topographic factor C - Cover and management P - Erosion control practices

Question 37

What two nutrients are associated with eutrophication?

Answer 37

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Question 38

Pesticides found in the far north have two characteristics. What are they?

Answer 38

Volatility and persistence.

Question 39

Name some greenhouse gases.

Answer 39

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide.

Question 40

What greenhouse gas is associated with rice production?

Answer 40

Methane

Question 41

Which greenhouse gas is associated with fertilizers?

Answer 41

Nitrous oxide.

Question 42

Which greenhouse gas has the highest warming potential?

Answer 42

Nitrous oxide.

Question 43

What are some positive and negative impacts of climate change on Canadian agriculture?

Answer 43

Positive: Possibility of growing new crops. Longer growing seasons. Accelerated maturation rates. Increased productivity from warmer temperatures. Negative: Increased soil erosion. Crop damage from extreme heat. Increased weed growth. Decreased herbicide and pesticide efficacy.

Question 44

What are the impacts to oceans that make up the "deadly trio"?

Answer 44

Warming. Acidification. Eutrophication.

Question 45

Ocean acidification leads to what with pH and carbonate ions.

Answer 45

Lower pH and lower carbonate ions.

Question 46

What are two themes associated with the SAFA system for Environmental Integrity.

Answer 46

Good Governance. Environmental Integrity. Social Wellbeing. Economic Resilience.

Question 47

Give a couple of questions you might ask yourself in order to evaluate evidence.

Answer 47

1. When was the information published? 2. Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question? 3. What is the source of information? 4. Has the information been reviewed or refereed? 5. What is the purpose of the information?

Question 48

Give a BMP that can improve soil conservation.

Answer 48

Conservation tillage. Buffer strips. Cover crops and mulch.

Question 49

Give a BMP that can improve water conservation.

Answer 49

Drought resistant cultivars. Water harvesting.

Question 50

Give a BMP for nutrient loss.

Answer 50

Right amount, right time, right place. Precision agriculture.

Question 51

Give a BMP for pesticide management.

Answer 51

IPM Precision agriculture

Question 52

Name two benefits of agroforestry systems.

Answer 52

Trees provide protection. Trees increase biodiversity

Question 53

What are some things in the primary sector of production?

Answer 53

Plant production, animal production, aquaculture and commercial fisheries.

Question 54

What are two bodies of Agri-food governance?

Answer 54

Federal - Ag Canada Ontario - OMAFRA

Question 55

What are some CLI subclasses?

Answer 55

C - adverse climate E - erosion F - low fertility P - stoniness T - topography M - moisture deficiency

Question 56

What was the Neolithic Revolution?

Answer 56

10-12000 years ago move from hunter-gatherers to agriculture

Question 57

What percentage of organic matter must there be for it to be considered Organic soil?

Answer 57

30%

Question 58

What are some binding agents of soil structure?

Answer 58

Roots and fungal hyphae Organic material Clays

Question 59

What is porosity?

Answer 59

amount of open space between soil particles.

Question 60

What are some benefits of soil organisms?

Answer 60

Nutrient cycling. Carbon cycling. Improved soil structure. Aeration and drainage. Plant protection

Question 61

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic soil environments?

Answer 61

Aerobic - high oxygen environment Anaerobic - low oxygen environment

Question 62

What are some positive effects of tillage?

Answer 62

Soil loosening and aeration Organic material and nutrient mixing Mechanical weed destruction.

Question 63

What are some negative effects of soil tillage?

Answer 63

Increases organic matter decomposition Decreased organisms Fuel consumption Soil compaction

Question 64

What are some benefits of conservation tillage/ no till?

Answer 64

Reduced soil erosion Increased organic matter Reduced evaporation Reduced energy consumption

Question 65

What are some challenges with conservation tillage/ no till?

Answer 65

Special equipment required. Increased herbicide use Not all crops suited for practice.

Question 66

When are fertilizers generally applied?

Answer 66

N - spring P, K - fall or spring

Question 67

What is the Haber-Bosch process?

Answer 67

Way of manufacturing N fertilizers

Question 68

What is a pest?

Answer 68

Any organism that has a negative effect on human health or economics

Question 69

What are the various groups of pesticides?

Answer 69

Contact Systemic Foliar Soil applied Fumigants Pre-plant, pre-emergent, post emergent

Question 70

What is glyphosate?

Answer 70

Systemic herbicide that inhibits creation of amino acids

Question 71

What is agricultural extensification vs. intensification?

Answer 71

Extensification - converting wild land to farmland. Intensification - producing more food on land without further expansion.

Question 72

What is land degredation?

Answer 72

land is considered degraded when its productivity is diminished.

Question 73

Ideally pesticides should be?

Answer 73

Selective Biodegradable and non-persistent Non-mobile

Question 74

What are the four principles of the IFOAM?

Answer 74

Health Ecology Fairness Care

Question 75

Why do people choose organic?

Answer 75

They think it is healthier They think it is better for the environment

Question 76

What is a systematic review and meta-analysis

Answer 76

Systematic review is answering a research questions by collecting and synthesizing results from primary research. Meta-analysis starts with systematic review but combines data for statistical analysis