eating disorders Flashcards
What are the 3 primary eating disorders?
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder. usually starts in adolescence, chronic, intermittent course. Anorexia: 0.9%, bulimia: 1-2%, bing-eating disorders: 2-4%. more common in women. world class athletes more likely to have eating disorder. in americans racial gaps in eating disorders appear to be small
What is obesity?
defined as body mass index (BMI) to be greater than 30. second only to tobacco use as preventable cause of disease and death. childhood obseity has a significant health impact, especially for girls. DSM-5 does not recognize obesity as a disorder. obesity related illnesses: hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, some cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon)
What are some treatments for obesity?
dieting (yo-yo dieting is ineffective long-term) lifestyle changes, medications, surgery, comprehensive intervention programs most promising
Define anorexia nervosa
problems maintaining body weight at or above minimum normal weight for age and height (loss of 15% or more), intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, disturbed body image; feel fat even when emaciated; amenorrhea (absence of periods). two types: restricting (limit caloric intake), binge/purge (purging via vomiting, laxatices). extreme concern re-body image. often depressed mood (high comorbility with depression) ritualistic, sterotypes eating, obsessiveness, perfectionist. High need for control, marked resistance to chance. Physiological problems: dry skin, lanugos, sensitivity to cold, enlarges salivary glands, erosion of tooth enamel, potassium depletion, cardiac arrhythmia
define bulimia nervosa
recurrent episodes of binge eating: eating large amounts over small period of time, intake of high calorie food over short period of time, feel out of control re-eating. Engage in behaviors to prevent weight gain: purging via laxatives, diuretics, vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting. binging occurs once a week for 3 months. distorted body image, often has a later onset than AN; late adolescence to early adulthood. rigid cognitive style “black/white” thinking. upset about BN, usually have normal weight. high comorbidity with depression and substance abuse. often becomes laxative dependent, dental problems, erosion of esophagus
define binge eating disorder
engages in recurrent binge eating but not purging. usually occurs in obese individuals. feels lack of control overeating: eat alone because theire embarrassed. feel disgust, guilt re-eating behaviors. eat large quantities when not hungry. occurs at least once a week for 3 months
What are the treatments for binge-eating disorder?
similar to treatment for bulimia. fewer physical complications presented, include healthy approaches to weight loss. Two phases: determine factors that trigger overeating, learn strategies to reduce binges. CBT can produce reductions to binge eating
What is the biological dimension of eating disorders? DSM-5
moderate heritability, pubertal weight gain, appetitive neural circuitry, dopamine, ghrelin and leptin
What is the psychological dimension of eating disorders? DSM-5
body image dissatisfaction/distortions. low self-esteem; lack of control. perfectionism or other personality characteristics. childhood sexual or physical abuse
What is the sociocultural dimension of eating disoders? DSM-5
social comparison, media presenting distorted, cultural definitions of beauty, objectification: female and male bodies evaluated through appearance
what is the social dimension of eating disorders? DSM-5
parental attitues and behaviors, parental comments regarding appearance. weight concerned mothers. history of being teased about size or weight. peer pressure regarding weight/eating
what is the biological risk factor of eating disorders?
neuro-chemical: serotonin, dopamine, endogenous opioids. peronality: perfectionism, impulsivity
what is the etiology of eating disorders?
AN and BN have been found to have abnormal levels of norepinephrine and serotonergic systems but unclear if this is a cause or consequence of AN and BN. runs in families. child sexual abuse, depression, parental problems, and poor self-esteem are risk factors for eating disorders.
What are some sociocultural issues with eating disorders?
some have argues that eating disorders are culture-bound sundromes; occur in cultures in which aesthetic for young women is idealization of thinness. cultures that are drawn to western standards have seen sharp increase in eating disorders. AA girls and women more likely to be satisfied with body image and are less likely to be concerned about their body size. AA women may be more likely to be satisfied with body image and are less likely to be concerned about their body size. AA women may need more protected from eating disorders bc (dont identify with white women so media focus on thinness has less impact on them. define attractiveness more broadly, nor just focus on body type but on style or dress. personality and confidence. may be more assertive in relationships and in more egalitarian realtes) some research suggests that BN may be culture bound, more likely to occur in cultures were: access to food, purging used to prevent weight gain
What are some societal issues with eating disoders?
polivy and hearman provocatively argue that dieting is so normal in US that perhaps should view eating distrubances as more “normal”. note that many dieters and restrained eaters have similar characteristic to people with eating disorders. argue normal and abnormal eating on continuum, with dieters somewhere in the middle
