developmental disorders

Question 1

what are the types of developmental disorders?

Answer 1

pervasive development disorder (autism); intellectual development disorder; specific learning problems

Question 2

what are the disruptive disorders?

Answer 2

ADHD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder

Question 3

what are the emotional disorders?

Answer 3

separation anxiety, childhood depression, phobias

Question 4

define intellectual developmental disorder

Answer 4

three characteristics: deficits in intellectual funtions: reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinkning, academic learning, experiential learning; impaired adaptive functioning: communication (interpersonal skills), self-care (daily living skills at home, leisure), use of community resources (academic/vocational skills) health and safety; onset before 18

Question 5

How do people tell if someone has an intellectual disability? and what are the types?

Answer 5

used to be defined by scores on IQ tests (now propose to look more at adaptive functioning). NOW THERE ARE 4 TYPES: intermittent: requires some support for some tasks (moving to new job), limited: need more consistent support for some challenging activities (paying bills, job-related), extensive: need support for daily care (hygiene, food; cannot live independently), pervasive: constant care

Question 6

What is the ASD prognosis?

Answer 6

prognosis is mixed; most children retain diagnosis and require support throughout lifetime; individuals with milder symptoms may be self-sufficient and successfully employed (social awkwardness, restrictive interested, or atypical behaviors often persist), significant recovery linked with intense early intervention (intervention should be individualized)

Question 7

What are the austim social impairments?

Answer 7

unresponsive to others, aloof, poor eye contact, appear to prefer objects over people, show little interest in developing relationships, imitating others, playing, behavior may be bizarra, repetitive; very resistant to changes in environment

Question 8

What are the verbal and non-verbal impairments with autism?

Answer 8

some children do not develop meaningful communication, may have echolalia (echo what it said) may have pronominal reversal (I=me) even children with good language skills may not initiate conversations, may have splinter skills: good skills in 1+ area, savants: exceptional skills in an area

Question 9

what are the activites impairments in autisic children?

Answer 9

unusual, repetitive behaviors, whirling, spinning, hand flapping, head banging; may engage in strange vocalizations, stare at objects or into space for hours, very little imaginative play

Question 10

what is the treatment for autism? and what are the side effects?

Answer 10

biomedical: neuroleptics (antipsychotics) help reduce withdrawal, hyperactivity, stereotypical movements - side effects: weight gain, increased blood sugar levels, hyperprolactinemia, sedation, cognitive impairment, dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision. SSRIs: help with some anxiety, repetitive behaviors and expressive language - side effects: nausea, diarrhea or constipation, insomnia or sleep disturbances, drowsiness, headache, sexual dysfunction, weight gain or loss, sweating, tremors. Behavioral modification: decreased self mutilation, self stimulation, echolalia, increased attention, verbal behaviors

Question 11

What are some learning disorders?

Answer 11

poor school performance in reading, math or written expression, large gap between potential and achievement, dyslexia: reading and spelling. Dyscalculia: math, Dysgraphia: written symptoms

Question 12

Define ADHD

Answer 12

two distinct sets of symptoms: inattention (problems paying attention and sustining attention, listening, following instructions, completing tasks, easily distracted, forgetful) hyperactivity (fidgets, squirms, run around, excessive talking, blurts out responses, interrupts others, hard to play quietly). 5-12% of children; most commonly diagnosed childhood disorder, boys have it 4-6 times more likely to have it, occurs in all cultures, no socioeconomic differences

Question 13

What is the diagnostic criteria for ADHD?

Answer 13

oneset before age 12, impairment in 2+ settings, significant social, academic or occupational impairment, inattention tends to persist throughout adulthood (hyperactivity diminishes), kids with co-morbid conduct disorder and opertional defiant disorder have poorer prognosis

Question 14

What are some medical treatments for ADHD?

Answer 14

Pharmocotherapy: psycho-stimulants: treat of choice, helps 75% of kids, believed to work through enhancing dopamine and norepinephrine transmission, increase attention, decrease impulsivity, enhance productivity, improve social skills, some are short acting, some long (metabolized quickly) - side effects: insomnia, nausea, weight loss, stomach paints; long term: decrease height and drug dependence

Question 15

What are the psychosocial treatments for ADHD?

Answer 15

behavioral treatments: time out, response cost, contingency management: reinforce appropriate behaviors, extinguish inappropiate (may be fully effective, needs to be done across settings) CBT: focuses on problem-solving and enhancing social skills, not shown to be efficacious. Multimodal treatment: combo of behavioral treatment and medication, found to be more effective than CBT alone

Question 16

Describe Conduct disorder?

Answer 16

3+ of symptoms for 12 months or 1 for 6 months. Aggressive towards people or animals: bullies, threatens, physically cruel, steals with confrontation of victim, uses weapon to harm others, sexually assaultive. Destruction of property: fire setting, vandalism. Deceitful or theft: stealing without confrontation of victim, chronic lying, broken into homes, cars

Question 17

What is the diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer 17

4+ symptoms for less than 6 months. symptoms: often loses temper, often argues with adults, defied rules; refuses to comply with requests, deliberately annoys others, doesn’t accept responsibility for own behavior, easily annoyed by others, often angry or resentful, often spiteful or vindictive

Question 18

What are the treatments for conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer 18

CBT: social skills training, role playing via videotapes, learn to ID problems behaviors, generate solutions to them and practice alternative behaviors. Parents Management Training: helps parents establish appropiate limits, give consequences, reward appropriate behaviors

Question 19

Define separation anxiety disorder

Answer 19

excessive anxiety re-separation from home or from family. recurrent distress when separated, persistent worry about loss, harm befalling loved one, reluctance to go to school because of fear, afraid to be alone without loved one nearby, afriad to go alone without loved one nearby, afriad to go to skeep without loved one at home, nightmares, somatic complaints when separated. occurs 4+ weeks and causes significant functional impairment

Question 20

Explain tics and what type of disorder it falls into

Answer 20

motor disorders. Tics: involuntary, repetitive, nonrhythmic movements and/or vocalizations. three major groups of tics: transient, chronic, tourettes. transient and chronic tics: transient tics fairly common (eye blinking, jerking most common, also have foot tapping, flaring nostrils, contracting shoulders, vocal tics include: coughing, grunting, throat clearing, sniffing, repeated words. if tics occur for over a year = chronic

Question 21

Explain tourette’s disorder

Answer 21

multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic, onset before 18, present for at least one year, relatively rare, more common in boys, frequency and severity of tourette’s often changes over time, runs in families, highly comorbid with ADHD

Question 22

What are some treatments for tourettes?

Answer 22

Haldol (blocks dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps to regulate abnormal brain acitivity) side effects- drowsiness, dizziness, extrapyramidal symptoms, metabolic effects. Clonidine (stimulates the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, leaeding to a reduced sympathic nervous system activity) side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, and low blood pressure. Social skills training also helpful

Question 23

What is Enuresis and what disorder does it fall into?

Answer 23

elimination disorder. unable to voluntarily control bladder by age 5, must have 2 episodes per week for at least 3 months. usually occurs at night but can involve daytime wetting. more common in boyrs (7%) than girls (3%). lot of stigma, impaired social relates, lot of stress for families. runs in families; 75% have 1 relative

Question 24

What are some treatments for Enuresis?

Answer 24

Medication: decrease stage 4 sleep (deepest level of sleep) or decrease volume of urine. Behavioral methods: positive reinforcement for appropriate toileting, awakening child to go to the bathroom, clean up own bed when accidents occur, bedtime urine alarm: aversive conditioning

Question 25

What is the eitology of intellectual disorders?

Answer 25

can be due to chromosomal abnormalitiles (down’s syndrime: extra chromosome at 21st chromosome). teratogens: prental or perinatal: exposed to something that is toxic for fetus/child (FAS). brain development: induction defects: problems with closure of neural tube, migration defects: problems with cell growth between 2nd and 5th months. environment: limited stimulation, accidents