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Eating Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis involves brain processes that regulate internal states at appropriate or optimal levels.

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2
Q

What is the set point in homeostasis?

A

The set point is the proper level to be maintained.

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3
Q

What is hunger?

A

Hunger is a psychological drive state based on a biological need to obtain and replace calories.

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4
Q

What is the prandial state?

A

State after eating a meal, during which nutrients are in the blood and glucose is stored as glycogen.

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5
Q

Why do cells, especially brain cells, need glucose?

A

Cells, especially brain cells, need glucose to function and make ATP.

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6
Q

What is the role of central receptors in homeostasis?

A

monitor the internal state and ensure it is at the desired level (at set point).

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7
Q

What is the role of insulin in the prandial state?

A

Insulin promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen and fatty acids as triglycerides.

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8
Q

What is the difference between short-term and long-term energy storage?

A

Short-term energy storage is glucose stored as glycogen, while long-term energy storage is fatty acids stored as triglycerides.

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9
Q

What is the role of the LH hypothalamus in feeding behavior?

A

The LH hypothalamus is the supposed feeding center of the brain, and when lesioned, animals lack hunger.

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10
Q

What is the role of the VMH hypothalamus in feeding behavior?

A

The VMH hypothalamus is the supposed satiety center of the brain, and when lesioned, animals are very much hungry.

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11
Q

What is the hormone produced by adipose tissue that acts on the hypothalamus to decrease appetite?

A

Leptin.

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12
Q

What is the hormone produced by the stomach that acts on the hypothalamus to increase appetite?

A

Ghrelin.

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13
Q

What is leptin?

A

Leptin is a hormone released by adipocytes (fat cells) that acts in the hypothalamus to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure.

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14
Q

Where does leptin act in the brain?

A

Leptin acts in the hypothalamus.

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15
Q

What happens when leptin levels elevate?

A

Inhibition of starvation mode

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16
Q

What happens when leptin levels decrease?

A

Body goes into starvation mode

17
Q

What is the function of the lateral hypothalamus when leptin levels decrease?

A

Stimulate feeding.

18
Q

What is the effect of the lateral hypothalamus on the secretion of hypophysiotopic hormones?

A

Inhibit secretion of hypophysiotopic hormones.

19
Q

What is the effect of the lateral hypothalamus on metabolism when leptin levels decrease?

A

Decreasing metabolism.

20
Q

What are the cell groups present in the lateral hypothalamus?

A

MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone) neurons and Orexin neurons.

21
Q

What is the target of leptin-sensitive cells in the arcuate nucleus?

A

MCH and Orexin neurons.

22
Q

What is the function of MCH neurons in the lateral hypothalamus?

A

Continuation of eating and informing cortex of leptin levels to help coordinate goal-directed behavior related to food.

23
Q

What is the function of Orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus?

A

Promotes meal initiation and promotes dopamine release in reward/reinforcement pathways.

24
Q

What is the role of ghrelin in short-term regulation of feeding behavior?

A

Ghrelin is a short-term signal that is important for meal initiation and acts as an appetite stimulant.

25
Q

What is the source of ghrelin?

A

Ghrelin is synthesized and released by the endocrine cells of the stomach.

26
Q

What is the effect of ghrelin on NPY/AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus?

A

Ghrelin stimulates NPY/AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus, which increases feeding and inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, leading to a decrease in satiety signals.

27
Q

What is the effect of ghrelin on feeding and metabolism?

A

Ghrelin stimulates feeding and inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, which decreases metabolism.

28
Q

What is the mechanism by which gastric distension signals the brain to stop eating?

A

Mechanosensory axons innervate the stomach wall and send signals to the brain via the vagus nerve.

29
Q

What is the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in hunger and eating?

A

CCK is a pro-satiety signal released from the intestines in response to stimulation, and it converges on the vagus nerve to signal the brain to stop eating.

30
Q

How does insulin suppress hunger and eating?

A

Insulin is a pro-satiety signal released into the bloodstream by beta cells in the pancreas. It inhibits NPY and stimulates the ventromedial hypothalamus to suppress hunger and eating.

31
Q

What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?

A

Type I diabetes, also known as juvenile-onset diabetes, occurs when the pancreas stops producing insulin. Type II diabetes, also known as adult-onset diabetes, is caused by greatly reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin.

32
Q

What is the role of insulin in glucose absorption?

A

Insulin is needed for glucose transporters to import glucose from the blood into most cells.

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