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World Religions > Eastern Religions Test > Flashcards

Eastern Religions Test Flashcards

1
Q

As if you were a faithful Hindu, explain the relationship between Karma, Samsara, Reincarnation, and Moksha.

A

Karma is your actions and the consequences of your actions, which comes over from previous lives, because Hindus believe in reincarnation. Reincarnation is where the soul comes back in a new body. This process is called samsara. A Hindu will continue to go through samsara until they reach their goal of returning to the Ultimate Reality. This goal is called Moksha

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2
Q 
List the four caste (Varnas) groups and the male occupations associated with them: 
A. Brahmins
B. Kshatriyas
C. Vaishyas
D. Shudras
A 
Brahmin = priests and philosophers
Kshatriyas = kings, warriors, and vessels
Vaishyas = farmers and merchants
Shudras = artisans and laborers
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3
Q 
Describe the four types of Yoga listed below, which help achieve Dharma.
A. Karma Yoga
B. Jnana Yoga
C. Raja Yoga
D. Bhakti Yoga
A 
Karma = focuses on service; you must do good actions to have good karma
Jnana = focuses on knowledge; uses the rational mind to learn facts and seek knowledge
Raja = focuses on meditation; uses meditation to make spiritual contact with the divine
Bhakti = focuses on devotion; you will live your life devoted to Hinduism and rid yourself of worldly pleasures
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4
Q

Define Agni

A

Hindu god of fire

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5
Q

Define Artha

A

wealth by good means

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6
Q

Define Aryan

A

Noble person who speaks Sanskrit

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7
Q

Define Atman

A

The soul of God

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8
Q

Define Bhagavad Gita

A

Most prominent of Hindu texts

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9
Q

Define Brahmacharya

A

First stage of life: childhood

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10
Q

Define Brahman

A

Another word for God; creator

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11
Q

Define Brahmin

A

Priest who offers public sacrifices

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12
Q

Define Darsan

A

Visual contact with the divine

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13
Q

Define Dharma

A

religion/spiritual knowledge

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14
Q

Define Grihastha

A

Second stage of life: raising a family

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15
Q

Define Guru

A

Hindu spiritual teacher

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16
Q

Define Hanuman

A

The monkey chief

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17
Q

Define Kama

A

Physical/emotional pleasure

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18
Q

Define Karma

A

Action and consequences of action

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19
Q

Define Moksha

A

Infinite goal in one’s life

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20
Q

Define Nirvana

A

the soul free from the cycle of death

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21
Q

Define OM

A

the holy word spoken in Hindu prayer

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22
Q

Define Polytheism

A

the belief in many gods

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23
Q

Define Reincarnation

A

Soul moves from dead to new body

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24
Q

Define Samsara

A

cycle of life and death

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25
Q

Define Sanyasa

A

Final stage of life: prepare for Moksha

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26
Q

Define Shakti

A

The feminine aspect of God

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27
Q

Define Shiva

A

Destroying or redeeming god

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28
Q

Define Upanishad

A

teachings of spiritual masters

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29
Q

Define Vanaprastha

A

Third stage of life: semi-detachment

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30
Q

Define Varnas

A

color of one’s soul

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31
Q

Define Vedas

A

Religious texts/foundation of Hinduism

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32
Q

Define Visnu

A

Organizing or sustaining god

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33
Q

Define Vyasa

A

“collector” of the vedas

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34
Q

Define Yoga

A

spiritual disciplines that clear mind

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35
Q

T/F

Hindu philosophical systems include both dualistic and monistic viewpoints.

A

True

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36
Q

T/F

Hindu tradition teaches that the Vedas are not the work of humans.

A

True

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37
Q

T/F

The god Vishnu periodically appears in earthly incarnations.

A

True

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38
Q

T/F

Hindu worship may be carried out both in the home and in temples.

A

True

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39
Q

T/F

Mahatma Gandhi taught that it was wrong for Hindus to study other religions.

A

False

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40
Q

The Hindu festival of Holi may be understood as celebrating:

A

the end of winter, Prahlad’s surviving the fire in which Holika burned, Radha’s love for Krishna

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41
Q

Samkhya and Advaita are what?

A

two major Hindu philosophical systems?

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42
Q

What below best describes a Shiva?

A

lord of the yogis
spouse of Parvati
the destroyer

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43
Q

Food that has been sanctified by being offered to a deity is known as what….

A

Prasad

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44
Q

Lakshmi is the goddess of what?

A

wealth and beauty

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45
Q

The goddess often used generically to refer to the Divine Mother or the goddess in all her forms is…

A

Devi

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46
Q

In ancient Chinese belief, the greatest spiritual being and ruler of the universe was called what?

A

Shangdi

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47
Q

According to ancient Chinese tradition, the cosmos is a manifestation of an impersonal self-generating energy known as what?

A

qi

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48
Q

What text is used in divination?

A

yijing

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49
Q

When asked to define the essentials of strong government, Confucius stated what as the only true essential that the people needed to have?

A

have faith in rulers

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50
Q

Confucius focused his teachings very much on the here-and-now and consequently taught very little about what?

A

the supernatural

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51
Q

The follower of Confucius who added the belief in the goodness of human nature and his focus on the virtue of righteous conduct or yi was called what?

A

Mengzi

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52
Q

Who was the follower of Confucius who disagreed with the belief in the goodness of human nature?

A

Xunzi

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53
Q

What has Confucianism always advocated as the only means to social reform?

A

education

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54
Q

The practice which helps one determine the harmonious placement of a building or objects is known as what?

A

feng shui

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55
Q

Business conducted according to Confucian ethics is known as what?

A

capitalist confucianism

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56
Q

The two aspects of ch’i or qi representing dark and light or female and male are known as what?

A

yin and yang

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57
Q

The belief in practicing Confucianism because Buddhism and Daoism brought moral and political weakness to society is called what?

A

Neo-Confucianism

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58
Q

T/F

Ancestor veneration is an important feature of ancient Chinese religious traditions.

A

True

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59
Q

T/F

During the Cultural Revolution in China, Confucian tradition was denounced.

A

True

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60
Q

T/F

It is common for aspects of Daoism and Confucianism to be blended in practice.

A

True

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61
Q

T/F

Some scholars have questioned whether Laozi ever existed.

A

True

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62
Q

T/F

According to the Dao de jing, the Dao that can be told of is the Absolute Dao

A

False

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63
Q

T/F

The practice of Wu Wei involves careful observance of Confucian rituals of filial piety.

A

False

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64
Q

T/F

The many forms of Daoist practice are no longer undertaken.

A

False

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65
Q

T/F

Singapore’s annual courtesy campaign is influenced by Confucian values.

A

False

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66
Q

T/F

Confucian thought was rejected in Japan.

A

False

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67
Q

T/F

Divination is the practice of worshipping divine spirits.

A

False

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68
Q

Daoism and Confucianism flourished in which country?

A

China

69
Q

Sacred rituals that are especially important to the veneration of ancestors are called what?

A

Li

70
Q

The creative rhythm of the universe is called what?

A

Dao

71
Q

What is a major theme of Daoism?

A

Harmony with nature

72
Q

The philosophical basis of Daoism is expounded in which of the following?

A

Dao de Jing

73
Q

Which of the following martial arts is associated with Daoism?

A

Taijiquan

74
Q

Which of the following was the given name for the individual now known commonly as Confucius?

A

Kong Fuzi

75
Q

Which one of the time periods below was a spiritual highpoint in many cultures and included the life of the Buddha, the Hebrew prophets, and the birth of Daoism and Confucianism?

A

Sixth century BC

76
Q

Confucius’ work was….

A

known, but not considered very significant during his lifetime

77
Q

What does the Confucian virtue ren basically mean?

A

Innate goodness

78
Q

The deity who watches over the family’s activities is known as

A

The Kitchen God

79
Q

Name and describe the Buddhist “Triple Gem”

A

The Buddha - the enlightened one
The Dharma - teachings
The Sangha - meditation, community

80
Q

Name the four noble truths of Buddhism that form its core beliefs.

A

Life involves suffering
Suffering is caused by craving
Suffering ceases when craving ceases
The way to realize this is the Noble Eightfold Path

81
Q

Buddhism purports an “Eightfold Path” that leads one to a peaceful and happy life by putting an end to all sufferings. Name FIVE “views” of this path.

A 
Right Views
Right Thought
Right Action
Right Work 
Right Progress
Right Concentration
82
Q

What four sights did Siddhartha witness?

A

old man
sick person
dead person
monk

83
Q

T/F

Contemporary Buddhists do not think that Buddhism can provide answers for social problems

A

False

84
Q

T/F

Buddhism is a theistic religion.

A

False

85
Q

T/F

Buddhism was brought to the west through missionaries.

A

False

86
Q

T/F

Tibetan Buddhism suffered persecution at the hands of communist China

A

True

87
Q

T/F

Buddhism does not accept the Hindu caste system.

A

True

88
Q

Who was the contemporary of the founder of Buddhism?

A

Mahavira

89
Q

What does the term anatman mean?

A

No eternal soul

90
Q

According to Mahayana Buddhism, how is the Buddha present?

A

an enlightened wisdom, which is formless
a celestial bliss body
a transformation body which can take human form

91
Q

Which of the following is not one of the Three Root Afflictions?

A

Renunciation

92
Q

Buddhist temples serve as what?

A

centers of community identity and integration
places to celebrate festivals
the location of ceremonies and blessing the deities

93
Q

Define Bhikshus

A

Buddhist monks

94
Q

Define Dukkha

A

Suffering

95
Q

Define Jataka Tales

A

Stories of Buddha’s Past lives

96
Q

Define Nirvana

A

the ultimate egoless state of bliss

97
Q

Define Pali Canon

A

Buddhist ancient scriptures

98
Q

Define Pure Land Buddhism

A

Offers faithful prayers to Amida Buddha

99
Q

Define Stupa

A

memorial dome with relics of the Buddha

100
Q

Define Sunyata

A

the doctrine of voidness, emptiness

101
Q

Define Vesak

A

the most important Buddhist festival

102
Q

Define Vipasana

A

Insight meditation

103
Q

In Shinto, what is bringing one’s life into harmony with nature called?

A

Kannagara

104
Q

Shinto has no ethical requirements, no sacred literature, and no what?

A

founder

105
Q

What is the Shinto waterfall purification ritual called?

A

Misogi

106
Q

In Shinto, the sacred is both immanent and what?

A

transcendent

107
Q

Kami refers to a quality. It means that which evokes what?

A

wonder and awe

108
Q

The earliest Shinto places of worship were probably located where?

A

sacred trees or groves

109
Q

What is the cleansing ceremony, usually performed by a Shinto priest, which involves waving a piece of wood from a sacred tree?

A

Oharai

110
Q

The major chronicles of Shinto are written down in what two parts?

A

Kojial and Nihongi

111
Q

T/F

Shinto is an indigenous religion of Korea.

A

False

112
Q

T/F

The Japanese had no word for nature until the seventh century AD.

A

False

113
Q

T/F

The Oharai ceremony may be performed on new cars.

A

True

114
Q

T/F

Japanese people often go to Shinto shrines for death rites.

A

False

115
Q

T/F

State Shinto promoted the belief that the emperor was the offspring of Amaterasu.

A

True

116
Q

T/F

Some Japanese scholars likened li to the way of the kami.

A

True

117
Q

T/F

Today Shinto shrines can only be found in Japan.

A

False

118
Q

Which most closely translates the Japanese word kami?

A

spirits

119
Q

Amaterasu is the Goddess of the what?

A

Sun

120
Q

Shinto priests and priestesses are traditionally not expected to meditate and it is common for them to be what?

A

Married

121
Q

What is the quality of misfortune or impurity known as?

A

Tsumi

122
Q

Seasonal festivals are reminders to the people that they are descendants of whom (what)?

A

kami

123
Q

An infant of 32-33 days of age is taken by parents to a Shinto shrine for the purpose of doing what?

A

initiation by the deity

124
Q

Outside of Japan, Shinto is a common faith only in Hawaii and where?

A

Brazil

125
Q

What is the controversy surrounding the Yasukuni Shrine?

A 
the inclusion of the names of fourteen class A war criminals at the shrine
the visits of several Japanese prime ministers to the shrine
126
Q

The tribe of priestly specialists in western Iran who performed magic and astrology were known as what?

A

Magi

127
Q

In India, Zoroastrians are known as what?

A

Parsis (“Persians”)

128
Q

What is the sacred cord tied around one’s mid-section in Zoroastrianism called?

A

kutsi

129
Q

Zoroastrianism was named by western scholars after what prophet?

A

Zarathustra

130
Q

Zoroastrianism introduced beliefs that are similar to those later found in Judaism, Christianity, and what?

A

Islam

131
Q

T/F

Scholars have identified linguistic and thematic links between the Gathas and the Vedas.

A

True

132
Q

T/F

The god of evil in Zoroastrianism is known as Ahura Mazda.

A

False

133
Q

Zoroastrianism is a religion from where?

A

Ancient Iran

134
Q

What are the Bountiful Immortals of Zoroastrianism called?

A

Ameshta Spenta

135
Q

What below best reflects Zoroastrian belief?

A

Those who performed good deeds will have a wider bridge to cross to heaven than those who performed evil deeds.

136
Q

What is the holy book of Sikhism now known as?

A

Guru Granth Sahib

137
Q

When the Fifth Guru first compiled Sikh hymns and the poems of Hindu and Muslim saints, what was the text called?

A

Adi Granth

138
Q

When initiated into the Khalsa, what surname do the men take? What surname do the women initiates take?

A

A. Singh

B. Kaur

139
Q

What two beliefs does Sikhism share with Hinduism?

A

karma and reincarnation

140
Q

The Sikh community is known as the what?

A

Panth

141
Q

What is the name of the devotional practice of singing or chanting passages from the Sikh scriptures?

A

Kirtan

142
Q

In what region of India did Sikhism arise?

A

Punjab

143
Q

Khalsa initiates strive to vanquish what five evils?

A

1) Lust
2) Anger
3) Greed
4) Attachment
5) Ego

144
Q

What do Sikh separatists demand that a Sikh state be called?

A

Khalistan

145
Q

The Holy Name of God in Sikhism is referred to as what?

A

Nam

146
Q

What are traditional stories about Guru Nanak’s life called?

A

Janam-Sakhis

147
Q

T/F

Sikhism reveres ten human gurus.

A

True

148
Q

T/F

Guru Nanak advocated strict asceticism as a means to knowing God.

A

False

149
Q

T/F

The Sikh gurus refused to become involved in political and military conflicts.

A

False

150
Q

T/F

In 1996, Sikh authorities issued a declaration that women should be allowed to read publicly from the Guru Granth Sahib.

A

True

151
Q

T/F

The majority of the world’s Sikhs today live in Pakistan.

A

False

152
Q

T/F

The leadership of Sikh Gurdwaras is hereditary.

A

False

153
Q

T/F

Sikhs played an important role in India’s struggle for independence from the British.

A

True

154
Q

T/F

In recent years there have been conflicts between Hindus and Sikhs.

A

True

155
Q

T/F

Akhand Path is a continuous reading of the Guru Granth Sahib from start to finish.

A

True

156
Q

T/F

Sikhism teaches that the ego is a major barrier to spiritual progress.

A

True

157
Q

T/F

More than a quarter of the Indian population is Sikh.

A

False

158
Q

Who founded Sikhism?

A

Guru Nanak

159
Q

The word “Sikh” means what?

A

seeker of truth, student, disciple

160
Q

The founder of Sikhism had an important religious experience best described as what?

A

immersion in a river

161
Q

The egalitarian communal kitchen is known as what?

A

langar

162
Q

The place where the Guru Granth Sahib is enshrined and where public worship takes place is known as what?

A

Gurdwara

163
Q

What is the most holy city for Sikhs?

A

Amritsar

164
Q

Which name below is one of the Sikh names for God?

A

Sat

165
Q

Guru Gobind Singh….

A

advocated military action only under strict conditions

166
Q

The sants….

A

included both Hindus and Muslims

167
Q

What are the Five Beloved Ones?

A

The Sikhs who volunteered their heads to protect religious ideals

168
Q

What is a kirpan?

A

a small sword worn by Khalsa initiates

World Religions (4 decks)

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