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eassessment Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a satellite

A

anything which orbits a planet

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2
Q

what r the two types of sattelites

A

artificial and natural

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3
Q

list the 8 planets in order

A

mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune

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4
Q

difference between asteroids and comets

A

asteroids made mostly of rock and metal, comets made mostly of ice and dust

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5
Q

differenc between gas and rocky planets

A

A gas giant planet is large enough that it retains a lot of hydrogen and helium. A rocky planet is one with a solid surface.

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6
Q

what is astronomical unit

A

One AU is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, which is approximately 150 million kilometers or 93 million miles.

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7
Q

what is keplers first law

A

planets orbit sun in an ellipse with sun at one focus and nothing at the second focus

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8
Q

keplers 2nd law

A

a line segment joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time

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9
Q

keplers 3rd law

A

the square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of its orbit

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10
Q

state newtons law of gravitation

A

every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

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11
Q

what is the universal gravitational constant

A

6.673* 10^-11

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12
Q

what is the astronomical base for a year

A

time for sun to make one revolution around the eart

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13
Q

what is a day in astronomical terms

A

the time it takes for earths rotation along its axis

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14
Q

what is a month astronomically

A

measure of time required by the moon to revolve once around the earth

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15
Q

what types of telescopes r used these days

A

reflecting

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16
Q

describe the life cycle of a star up to the formation of red giant/supergiant, nothing after

A

big cloud of dust and gas (nebula) -> attractive force of gravity pulled dust and gas together to create protostar -> as the protostar becomes bigger and attracts more gas and dust, the gravity also squeezes the protostar making it more dense so its temperature increases -> as the temperature and pressure increases, helium nuclei is formd in nuclear fusion, giving out huge amounts of energy to become a main sequence star -> the outward pressure of nuclear fusion is balanced by inward pressure causing a long stable period which can last for billions of years, at some point the sun will run out of hydrogen and wont be able to do nuclear fusion so the gravity turns it smaller until it can start nuclear fusion again -> this time however, it can form heavier elements up to iron and starts expanding again-> if it was small/medium initially it would form a red giant and if it was big initially it would form a red supergiant.

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17
Q

life cycle of red giant

A

after a short time, it becomes unstable and expels its outer layers leaving behind a hot dense solid core called white dwarf which does not do any nuclear fusion, over time it becomes cooler and darker and transitions into a black dwarf as it has no energy to emit light.

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18
Q

life cycle of a red supergiant

A

red super giant get brighter as more nuclear fusion occurs, after several cycles of expansion and contraction they explode in a supernova which forms elements heavier than iron and r ejected across the universe. If the star was very big it then becomes a neutron star with a dense core however if it was massive, it becomes a blackhole

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19
Q

what is a light year

A

A light-year is a measure of the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one Earth year, which is approximately 6 trillion miles

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20
Q

what is red shift

A

light waves get stretched as they make their way to earth

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21
Q

what does the big bang theory state

A

all the matter in the universe initially occupied a small amount of space which was dense and hot and then it exploded causing space to expand

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22
Q

what is a force

A

something that can change the shape, speed or direction of an object

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23
Q

give 3 examples of contact forces

A

pushing force, pulling forcem friction

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24
Q

give 2 examples of non contact forces

A

electromagnetic force, gravitational force

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25
Q

what is mass

A

amount of matter inan object

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26
Q

what is the strength of grav on earth

A

10 m/s^2

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27
Q

frictional force formula

A

coefficient of friction * normal force

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28
Q

what does coefficient of friction refer to

A

amount of friction between 2 surfaces

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29
Q

stopping distance formula

A

thinking distance + braking distance

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30
Q

newtons 1st law

A

a resultant force is required to change the motion of an object

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31
Q

newtons 2nd law

A

if a non zero resultant force acts on an object, it will cause the object to accelerate, f = ma

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32
Q

what is inertia

A

the tendency for the motion of an object to remain unchanged.

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33
Q

what is equilibrium

A

when net force is 0

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34
Q

what is newtons 3rd law

A

when 2 objects interact with each other, the forces they exert on each other r equal and opposite

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35
Q

what is terminal velocity

A

the maximum velocity reached by a falling object when drag force equals the weight of the object

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36
Q

unit for moment of force

A

Nm

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37
Q

moment of force formula

A

force times distance

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38
Q

law of lever

A

f1 x d1= f2 x d2

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39
Q

momentum formula

A

mass x velocity

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40
Q

unit for momentum

A

kg m/s

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41
Q

WHAT IS THE law of conservation of energy

A

energy is never created or destroyed, it is only ever transferred between different forms and objects

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42
Q

what is kinetic energy

A

enegry that an object possesses due to its motion

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43
Q

what is gpe

A

energy an object has due to its position above the surface of the earth

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44
Q

gpe of moon

A

1.6

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45
Q

watt to j/s

A

1

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46
Q

what is power

A

the rate at which energy is transferred or work is done

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47
Q

power formula with energy

A

p = E/t

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48
Q

power formula with work

A

P = W/t

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49
Q

when is work done

A

when force is used to move an object by a certain distance

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50
Q

what is efficiency

A

proportion of energy supplied that is transferred into useful energy

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51
Q

efficiency formula

A

useful energy transferred/total energy transferred

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52
Q

what is hooked law

A

the force applied to a spring is directly proportional to its extension

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53
Q

hookes law formula

A

F = k X F

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54
Q

—- to a spring is equal to ——- in the spring

A

work done, elastic potential energy

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55
Q

what is elastic limit

A

the point where the force applied means hookes law no longer applies and the object may be inelastically deformed

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56
Q

work formula

A

force * displacement

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57
Q

spring constant formula

A

k = F/d

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58
Q

what is thermal energy of am object

A

energy stored as kinetic energy due to movement of particles

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59
Q

how to convert from kelvin to degrees celsius

A

add 273

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60
Q

what is absolute 0

A

-273 kelvin

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61
Q

what it temperature a measure of

A

avg. kinetic energy

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62
Q

what is heat

A

a form of thermal energy

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63
Q

what r the 3 types of heat transfer

A

conduction, convection radiation

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64
Q

where does conduction, convection and radiation happen

A

conduction in solids
convection in fluids
radiation in empty space

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65
Q

what is thermal conductivity

A

measure of an objects ability to transfer energy by conduction

66
Q

what is a cycle of convection called

A

convection current

67
Q

how to stop flow of thermal energy

A

use insulators which stop the free flow of fluids and dont allow heat energy to pass thru

68
Q

difference between conduction and convection

A

in conduction, only the energy is transferred while the particles actually move in convection

69
Q

what is internal energy

A

total energy stored by the particles making up a substance or system consisting of potential and kinetic energy stores

70
Q

what is specific heat capacity

A

amt. of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree celsius.

71
Q

change in internal energy formula

A

e = mc (change in temp.), e is change in internal energy, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity (j/kg)

72
Q

y does temp not change during change of state

A

because the energy provided is being used to weaken or break the forces holding particles together

73
Q

what is latent heat

A

the amt. of energy required to weaken or break the forces holding particles together

74
Q

what is specific latent heat

A

energy required to change 1 kg of a particular substance from 1 state to another without changing its temp.

75
Q

2 types of specific latent heat

A

slh of vaporisation, slh of fusion

76
Q

formula for slh

A

e m * L, e is energy, m is mass, L is slh

77
Q

list 4 good insulators

A

wood, plastic, paper

78
Q

difference between longitudinal and transverse waves

A

longitudinal waves particles vibrate parallel to the direction of energy transfer

transverse waves particle vibrate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

79
Q

time period formula

A

1/f

80
Q

speed of wave formula

A

frequency x wavelength

81
Q

outline the meaning of loudness and of pitch in terms of features of a sound wave

A

greater amplitude, greater loudness. greater freqyency, greater pitch

82
Q

what is speed of sound in air approc.

A

330-340 m/s

83
Q

what is hearing range for humans

A

20 HZ TO 20 KHZ

84
Q

what is ultrasound

A

ound with a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz, approximately the upper limit of human hearing.

85
Q

list all 7 parts of the em waves from highest to lowest wavelength

A

radio waves. micro waves, infrared, visible light, ultra violet, xrays, gamma rays

86
Q

what type of waves r em waves

A

transverse

87
Q

speed of em waves in vacuum

A

3 * 10^8 m/s

88
Q

where do gamma rays come from

A

radioactive decay

89
Q

where r x rays used

A

hospital

90
Q

where can uv rays be used

A

water purification

91
Q

what is viaible light used for

A

seeing

92
Q

where can infrared waves be used

A

cooking

93
Q

what r microwaves used for

A

satellite communication

94
Q

what r radio waves used for

A

communication on earth

95
Q

what can gamma rays be used for

A

treatment of tumors

96
Q

which parts of the em spectrum can cause burns to skin and also cause cancer by mutating the DNA inside cells

A

gamma rays and x rays as they r ionizing

97
Q

list a harmful effect of uv rays

A

it can negatively affect the eyes

98
Q

list an harmful effect of infrared rays

A

it can cause skin burns

99
Q

what can happen to a wave once it strikes a medium

A

it can be absorbed, reflected or transmitted

100
Q

law of reflection

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

101
Q

tw0 types of reflection

A

specular- flat boundary
diffuse- rough surface

102
Q

what causes refraction

A

change in speed of light at a boundary

103
Q

what happens to rays in more dense materials

A

it moves towards the normal

104
Q

law of refraction

A

angle of incidence = angle of refraction

105
Q

refractive index formula

A

speed of light in vaccum/speed of light in material

106
Q

snells law

A

n1 sin1 = n2 sin 2

107
Q

what is total internal reflection

A

complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium.

108
Q

what is critical angle

A

The critical angle is the angle of incidence that produces a 90 degrees angle of refraction.

109
Q

snells law with critical angle

A

sin critical angle = 1/refractive index of material

110
Q

what is diffaction

A

when waves bend passing thru a gap or an obstacle

111
Q

characteristics of a plane mirror

A

virtual, erect, and of the same size and shape as the object it is reflecting.

112
Q

two types of lenses

A

convex, concave

113
Q

differnece betwene convez and concave lenses

A

convex lenses reflect rays inwards and concave refracts light outwards

114
Q

magnification formula

A

image height/object height

115
Q

where r convex lens used

A

microsocpes, magnifying glass

116
Q

where r concave lens used

A

cameras

117
Q

difference between rela image and virtual image

A

in real images, light rays do actually come together, it is vertically inverted, in virtual image, light rays dont actually meet where the image appears to be.

118
Q

lens formula

A

1/image distance + 1/object distance = 1/focal length

119
Q

list 4 ways to increase strength of magnetic field flowing thru solenoid

A

increase current flowing thru
increase no. of coils
decrease the length of coils while keeping no. of coils same
add an iron core as iron is a soft magnet

120
Q

flemings lhr

A

first finger is direction of magnetic field
second finger is direction of current
thumb is then direction of force

121
Q

what does electromagnetic induction mean

A

a voltage is induced in a conducting wire when it moves relative to a magnetic field

122
Q

force on wire between magnets formula

A

force = magnetic flux density * current * length of wire

123
Q

how do transformers work briefly

A

power station -> step up transformer (more turns on coil so more voltage) ->wires and pylons-> step down transformers (less coils, less voltage)

124
Q

transformer formulas (2)

A

Vp/Vs = np/ns
Vp * Ip = Vs * Is

125
Q

state 2 uses of static electricity

A

insecticides
photocopier

126
Q

what is the direction of conventional current

A

positive to negative

127
Q

current formula

A

I = change in charge/time

128
Q

voltage formula with energy

A

energy transferred/charge moved

129
Q

what is resistance

A

tendency of a material to resist the flow of electric charge, unit is ohm

130
Q

what is voltage

A

difference in potential energy between two points

131
Q

ohms lae formula

A

V = I * R

132
Q

resistance formula with factors

A

(resistivity * length)/cross-sectional area

133
Q

series circuit formulas

A

I = I1 = I2 = I3, V = V1 + V2 + V3, R = R1 + R2 + R3

134
Q

parallel circuit formulas

A

I = I1 + I2 + I3, V = V1 = V2 = V3, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/ R2 + 1/R3

135
Q

give an example of ac

A

residential power and commercial power

136
Q

give an example of dc

A

computer power supply

137
Q

power formula in electricity

A

P = IV

138
Q

Power formula

A

P = work done/time

139
Q

unit of payign electricity

A

kilowatt-hour

140
Q

what r the dangers of current electricity

A

contact with voltage can cause current to flow thru body which can result in shocks, burns and even death.

141
Q

what r the three wires in a plug with colors

A

live wire(brown), neutral(blue), earth (yellow and green)

142
Q

what does live wire do

A

provides the alternating potential difference

143
Q

what does neutral wire do

A

carries away current

144
Q

what does the earth wire do

A

stops the casing from becoming live which could happen if live wire becomes loose and touches the casing. It prevents this by providing an alternative pathway for current to flow away.

145
Q

how does a fuse work

A

if theres a surge, the fuse in the live wire melts due to the heat so no more current can flow thru it

146
Q

how does a circuit breaker work

A

work similarly to fuses but dont get permanently damaged, they just turn off the circuit and can be reset

147
Q

how does double insulating work

A

an appliance has a plastic casing which doesnt conduct electricity

148
Q

how to increase potential difference in em induction

A

stronger magnets, move magnets or wire more quickly, more turns in coil

149
Q

what r alpha particles stopped by

A

single sheet of paper

150
Q

most ionising particles in order

A

alpha, beta, gamma

151
Q

what stops beta

A

5 mm aluminium

152
Q

what stops gamma rays

A

thick sheets of lead

153
Q

what does alpha decay do

A

removes 2 protons and 2 neutrons

154
Q

what does beta decay do

A

aotmic number increases by 1

155
Q

name a tool to measure radioactivity and its unit

A

geiger muller detector, radioactive particles per second (count rate)

156
Q

what is a use of gamma radiation

A

it is used in radiotherapy to kill cancer cells

157
Q

what is a use of beta radiation

A

tracers injected into a body and followed using specialized equipment, cause they can pass thru a body like gamma.

158
Q

what is a use of alpha radiation

A

smoke detectors

159
Q

what type of radiation is used for sterilization

A

gamma

160
Q

what is irradiation

A

the process by which objects r exposed to radiation

161
Q

what is contamination

A

when radioactive particles get onto other objects

162
Q

list 3 factors affecting how harmful radiation is

A

type of radiaiton
where ur exposed to it
the amount

physics (2 decks)

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