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Reviewer: Landscape Site Utilities and Earthworks > Earthworks and Grading > Flashcards

Earthworks and Grading Flashcards

1
Q

Classifies soil into 7 groups based on particle size distribution, liquid limit and plasticity index (engineering properties and suitability for highways)

A

AASHTO Soil Classification System

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2
Q

2 major groups of soil based on AASHTO

A

Granular Materials

Silt-Clay Materials

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3
Q

Pass less than 35% of materials through a No. 200 sieve

A

Granular Materials

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4
Q

Pass more than 35% of the material through a No. 200 sieve

A

Silt-Clay Materials

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5
Q

Particle sizes according to AASHTO

A

Boulder - above 75mm
Grave - 75mm to No. 10 sieve
Course Sand - No. 10 sieve to No. 40 sieve
Fine Sand - No. 40 sieve to No. 200 sieve
Silt-Clay Particles - passing No. 200 sieve

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6
Q

Divides soils into three basic categories; was devised mainly for highway engineering purposes

A

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)

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7
Q

Three basic soil categories according to USCS (highway engineering)

A

Coarse-grained Soils
Fine-grained Soils
Organic Soils

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8
Q

Pass less than 50% fines through a No. 200 sieve

A

Coarse-grained Soils

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9
Q

Pass more than 50% fines through a No. 200 sieve

A

Fine-grained Soils

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10
Q

Type of soil identified by visual examination

A

Organic Soil

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11
Q

Soil classification by origin

A

Residual Soils

Transported Soils

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12
Q

Soil that is formed in place through weathering of bedrock and disintegration of organic matter

A

Residual Soils

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13
Q

Materials that have been moved from another place by glaciation, wind, water, or gravity

A

Transported Soils

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14
Q

Property of soil; basically refers to amount of clay particles in a soil sample

A

Colloidal Content

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15
Q

Property of soil; refers to the upward movement of water above the water table as a function of fine soil texture

A

Capillarity

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16
Q

Property of soil; refers to the ability of soil to transmit water downward by force of gravity; function of a pore space and varies with void ratio, grain size and distribution, structure, degree of cementation, degree of saturation, and degree of compaction

A

Permeability

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17
Q

Measure permeability of soil

A

Percolation Test

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18
Q

Property of soil; refers to the ability of soil to return to its original state after being deformed by a load

A

Elasticity

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19
Q

Soil property; refers to the ability of soil to be deformed under pressure without cracking or crumbling, and to maintain a deformed shape after pressure is released; an important factor in road and foundation work and is more significant under increasingly greater loads

A

Plasticity

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20
Q

The moisture content at which a soil changes from the liquid state to the plastic state, measured when soil in a shallow dish flows to close a 12.5 mm groove after 25 drops from 1 cm

A

Liquid Limit

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21
Q

Test performed on soils passing the No. 40 sieve to establish the following

A

Atterberg Limits

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22
Q

The water content at which a silt or clay material will just begin to crumble when rolled into a tread approx. 3.2 mm (1/8 inch) in diameter

A

Plastic Limit

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23
Q

Defined as the Liquid Limit minus the Plastic Limit: LL - PL = ?; rang of water content over which sediment behaves

A

Plasticity Index (PI)

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24
Q

Refers to the ability of a soil sample to bind together when moderately dry; soils that are less of this are easy to excavate but, on vertical side slops, cannot be maintained without support (ex. beach sand)

A

Cohesion

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25
Q

The measured volume change of soil as a result of changed soil structure and the expulsion of water

A

Compressibility

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26
Q

Refers to the densification process through the compaction and expulsion of air

A

Compaction

27
Q

The ability of a soil to bear a load without failure; depends on both upon internal friction between soil particles and upon cohesion

A

Bearing Strength

28
Q

The extent to which soil mass can withstand the forces of wind or water erosion

A

Erodibility

29
Q

The relative acidity or alkalinity of the soil; has an effect on nutrient availability

A

pH Level

30
Q

Refers to the existence of moisture in soil that make water available to plants

A

Moisture Content

31
Q

Three Types of Termite Proofing

A

Physical Barriers
Chemical Barriers
Bait System

32
Q

Slow-acting insect-growth regulator that entire workers population and the entire termite colony

A

Hexaflumuron

33
Q

The grade after all landscape development has been completed; the top surface of lawns, plantings beds, pavements, etc.; normally designated by contours and spot elevations on a grading plan

A

Finished grade

34
Q

The top of the material on which the surface material, surface topsoil, and pavements (including base material) is placed; represented by the top of a fill situation and the bottom of a cut excavation

A

Subgrade

35
Q

Refers to a subgrade that must attain a specified density

A

Compacted subgrade

36
Q

Refers to a subgrade that indicates a soil that has not been excavated or changed in any way

A

Undisturbed subgrade

37
Q

Imported material normally coarse or fine aggregate that is typically placed under pavement

A

Base or sub-base

38
Q

Refers to the elevation of the first floor of a structure, but may be used to designate the elevation of any floor

A

Finished floor elevation

39
Q

The process of removing soil; proposed contours extend across existing contours in the uphill direction

A

Cut or cutting

40
Q

The process of adding soil; proposed contours extend across existing contours in the downhill direction

A

Fill or filling

41
Q

The densification of soil under controlled conditions, particularly a specified moisture content

A

Compaction

42
Q

Normally the top layer of a soil profile, which may range in thickness from less than an inch to over a foot; has high organic content, thus, it is subject to decomposition, and not an appropriate subgrade material for structures

A

Topsoil

43
Q

Methods for calculating cut and fill (earth) volumes

A

Average end area
Contour area
Borrow pit (grid)

44
Q

Three types of visual form of grading

A

Geomorphic
Architectonic
Naturalistic

45
Q

This type of grading wherein the proposed blends ecologically and visually with the character of the existing natural landscape; repeats similar landforms and physiographic structure; the intent of this category is to minimize the amount of regrading to preserve the existing landscape character

A

Geomorphic

46
Q

The proposed grading in this category creates uniform slopes and forms which usually are crispy defined geometric shapes; appropriate where the overall impact is man dominated or where a strong contrast is desired between the built and natural landscape

A

Architectonic

47
Q

The most common type of grading particularly in suburban and rural settings; a stylized approach in which abstract (or organic) landforms are used to represent or imitate the natural landscape

A

Naturalistic

48
Q

Vegetated or paved embankments, somewhat dike-like in appearance, commonly used by landscape architects for enclosure and separation purposed; may also provide protection from climatic elements

A

Berms

49
Q

Preferred minimum and maximum number of risers for a set of stairs

A

3-12 risers

50
Q

Handrails are normally required on stairs with _____ or more risers

A

5

51
Q

Stair treads should pitch ____ in/ft in the downhill direction to insure proper drainage

A

1/8

52
Q

Low curbs commonly used along the edges of stairs for safety and maintenance purposes

A

Cheek walls

53
Q

Inclined sidewalk or driveways usually at a uniform slope

A

Ramp

54
Q

Typical range of slopes for pedestrian use

A

5 to 8%

55
Q

Handrails, particularly for handicapped use, are normally required on ramps of ___ % and greater slopes

A

5%

56
Q

An intermediate landing is usually required where ramps exceed ____ in length

A

30ft (9m)

57
Q

Ratio of slope to be visually significant

A

5:1

58
Q

General ratio of planted slopes

A

2:1

59
Q

Ratio of slope for mowed lawn areas

A

3: 1

4: 1 - preferred maximum

60
Q

The extent of surface conditions on completion of grading

A

As graded

61
Q

In-place solid rock

A

Bedrock

62
Q

A relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be palced

A

Bench

63
Q

Earth material acquired from an off-site location for use in grading on a site

A

Burrow

Reviewer: Landscape Site Utilities and Earthworks (7 decks)

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