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EarthSci Flashcards

1
Q

Low-velocity zone of the mantle

A

Asthenosphere

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2
Q

Increase in s wave velocity between crust and mantle

A

Mohorovicic discontinuity

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3
Q

Inner core thickness

A

1,250 km

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4
Q

Outer core thickness

A

2,200 km

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5
Q

Mantle thickness

A

2,900 km

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6
Q

Density of oceanic crust

A

3 g/cm³

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7
Q

Density of continental crust

A

2.7 g/cm³

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8
Q

Fastest seismic wave

A

P waves

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9
Q

Foliated metamorphic rock originates from basalt

A

Serpentine

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10
Q

Foliated metamorphic rock originates from shale

A

Slate

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11
Q

Foliated metamorphic rock originates from conglomerate

A

Gneiss

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12
Q

Non-foliated metamorphic rock originates from sandstone

A

Quartzite

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13
Q

Non-foliated metamorphic rock originates from limestone

A

Marble

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14
Q

Physical and chemical changes in sediments

A

Diagenesis

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15
Q

Fragments of rock

A

Clasts

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16
Q

Pebbles/gravel cemented by a matrix of mud/sand

A

Conglomerate

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17
Q

Compaction and cementation of sediments

A

Lithification

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18
Q

Mainly composed of quartz

A

Sandstone

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19
Q

Made from dead organisms with calcium carbonate

A

Limestone

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20
Q

American mineralogist that classified minerals based on chemical properties

A

James Dwight Dana

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20
Q

Hydrocarbon-metal bond

21
Q

Examples of Sulphates

A

Anhydrite, Gypsum, Barite, Celestine

21
Q

Examples of Silicates

A

Quartz, Feldspar, Pyroxene, Mica, Garnet, Olivine, Amphibole

21
Q

Examples of Halides

A

Fluorites, Halites, Sylvites

22
Q

Examples of carbonates

A

Aragonite, Calcite, Dolomite

23
Q

Examples of Oxides

A

Hematite, Cuprite, Corundum, Chromite, Rulite

23
Q

Example of Sulphides

A

Realgar, Cinnabar, Chalcopyrite, Pyrite, Argentite, Stibite, Galena

23
Q

Contains important metals

24
Q

Contains natural salts

25
Q

Forms from high evaporation rate/slow evap. rate of salt water

26
Q

Largest and most abundant group

27
Q

Found in marine environments

A

Carbonates

28
Q

Rate of temp. change w/ respect to depth in Earth’s interior

A

Geothermal gradient

29
Q

Partial melting of magma from higher geothermal gradient due to convection

A

Decompression melting

30
Q

Ways to generate magma

A

Decompression melting, Transfer of Heat, Flux melting

31
Q

Water/CO2 lowering melting temp. of rock, producing magma

A

Flux melting

32
Q

Low degree of partial melting produces

A

Siliceous magma

33
Q

High degree of partial melting produces

A

Less sileceous magma

34
Q

Rising and storage of magma which alters its chemical composition

A

Magmatic differentiation

35
Q

Factors that affect metamorphism

A

Temperature
Pressure
Fluid-phase
Time

36
Q

Chemical reaction between a solid mineral and dissolved ions

A

Metasomatism

37
Q

States that any geological features or intrusions are the youngest in rock layers

A

Principle of cross-cutting relationships

38
Q

Gap or break in rock sequence/geologic record due to erosion

A

Unconformity

39
Q

Break in rock sequence that are tilted/folded

A

Angular unconformity

40
Q

States that sedimentary rock layers are deposited from oldest at the bottom to youngest at the top

A

Principle of superposition

41
Q

States that sediments accumulate in horizontal strata

A

Principle of original horizontality

42
Q

States that evolving organisms later disappear and recently appear

A

Principle of faunal succession

43
Q

States that rocks incorporating other rocks like gravel indicate the gravel are fragments of older rocks

A

Principle of inclusion

44
Q

States that the surrounding rock around intrusions are older than the intrusion

A

Principle of chilled/baked margins

45
Q

Widely-distributed organism remains that existed for only a specific amount of time

A

Index fossils

Class (4 decks)

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