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EAS100 > EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMICITY > Flashcards

EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMICITY Flashcards

1
Q

ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES

A
  • elastic strain followed by a brittle faliure
  • the ground deforms to accomodate stress, it releases to og position when released
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2
Q

tools to measure sesmicity

A
  • ancient seismic sensor
  • traditional seismograph
  • sismometer
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3
Q

what scale is used for intensity

A

mercalli scale

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4
Q

magnItude

A

measure of total energy released
charles richter

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5
Q

types of seismic waves

A
  • body waves; P and S waves
  • surface waves
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6
Q

P waves

A
  • horizontal vibration direction
  • compression and expansion- dilation
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7
Q

S waves

A
  • shear waves
  • vertical vibration detection
  • goes through only solids
  • slower than P waves
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7
Q

surface waves

A
  • form when waves reach the surface
  • rayleigh waves- vertical
  • love waves - horizontal
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8
Q

how to locate the focus

A

find nearest stations and plate boundries
* the interval between P and S arrival

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9
Q

divergent plate boundary

A
  • spreading centers
  • ridegs
  • plates moving apart
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10
Q

convergent plate boundary

A
  • subduction zones
  • trenches
  • plates smashing into eachother
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11
Q

transform fault

A

plates slide parallel to each other
1. dextral- right lateral
2. sinistral - left lateral
* san andres fault

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12
Q

what tells us about the eaths interior

A

refraction and reflection of waves

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13
Q

refraction

A

occurs where seismic velocity changes
s waves are attenuation

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14
Q

epicenter

A

A point on the Earth’s surface located vertically above the focus, or hypocentre, of an earthquake

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15
Q

MOHO

A

The boundary at the base of the Earth’s crust where seismic P-waves abruptly increase in velocity-
boundary of crust and mantel in lithosphere
* Occurs 10km deep beneath oceans, and more from continents
* not the base of plates

16
Q

low velocity zone

A
  • absorbtion of P waves
  • represents the asthenosphere
17
Q

hotspot

A
  • isolated volcanic center in mid plate position, magma reaching the surface
  • forms a chain of isnlands and seamounts as plate moves over it
18
Q

mechanism of plate techtonics

convection

A

density driven circulation of material in response to temp gradients
* only process capable of driving plate movement
* dominated by cold slabs in the lithosphere

19
Q

mechanism of plate techtonics

cold slab

A

apart of lithosphere
* move on top of asthenosphere by
* slab pull
* ridge push/slide

20
Q

tectonics

non renewable resources

A
  • used at a higher rate than they are returned
  • have environmental impacts
21
Q

renewable resources

A
  • resources from atmosphere hydrosphere biosphere are used at flow rates less than natural cycles
  • running water, food crops, wood, wind power, solar power
  • have enironmental
22
Q

non renewable resources

resources

A
  • naturally ocurring accumulations of useful organic or inorganic material in concentrations and amounts that make extraction currently or potentially feasible
23
Q

non renewable resource

reserves

A

resources that can be exploited economically
-under present conditions

24
Q

spreading centers

A
  • plates move apart at a mid ocean ridge
  • asthenosphere rises adiabatically/w/o heat into the space
  • decrease in pressure causes melting
  • magma rises to surface and solidifies to form new crust, made of gabbro , mafic dykes and pillow lavas
25
Q

rifting

A

continents splitting
EX east african rift

26
Q

conventional hydrocarbon resources

A

geothermal heat on organic matter converts it to oil or gas
* it rises and accumulate in porus matter in sandstone or limestone
* it flows out when we drill into it

27
Q

unconventional hydrocarbon resources

A

hydrocarbons trapped in impermeable mudstone or shale
* they dont flow out

28
Q

continent - continent collision example and effect

A

himalaya and tibetan plateau
-collision doubles thickness of continental crust, whch can lead to partial melting = felsic magma

EAS100 (8 decks)

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