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SCIENCE LT 2 > earthquakes > Flashcards

earthquakes Flashcards

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1
Q

earthquakes are usually associated with what

A

faulting

breaking of rocks

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2
Q

what is caused by the shaking during an earthquake

A

seismic waves

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3
Q

what are generated when rock within the crust breaks

A

seismic waves

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4
Q

the shaking or tremblig caused by the sudden release of energy

A

earthquakes

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5
Q

surfaces along which rock move under, over or past each other

A

fault surfaces

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6
Q

types of stress

A

tension
compression
shear

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7
Q

faults caused by blocks of crust pulling apart under the forces of tension

A

normal faults

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8
Q

what can be formed by normal faults

A

entire mountain ranges or fault block mountains

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9
Q

fault block mountain examples

A

basin and range province, tetons

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10
Q

normal faults: the hanging wall block moves where

A

down relative to the foot wall block

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11
Q

normal faults: the footwall is the

A

underlying surface of an inclined fault plane

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12
Q

normal faults: the hanging wall is the

A

overlying surface of an inclined fault plane

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13
Q

blocks of crust colliding under the forces of compression

A

reverse faults

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14
Q

a prevalent feature in continent-continent collisions

A

reverse faults

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15
Q

accompanying folding of rocks

A

reverse faults

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16
Q

reverse faults: the hanging wall block moves

A

upward and over relative to the footwall block

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17
Q

two blocks move in horizontal but opposite directions of each other

A

strike slip faults

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18
Q

directions of offset

A

right lateral offset

left lateral offset

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19
Q

the point within earth where faulting begins

A

focus or hypocenter

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20
Q

the point directly above the focus

A

epicenter

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21
Q

an instrument that records earthquake events

A

seismographs

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22
Q

zigzag patterns on the paper

A

seismograms

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23
Q

what draws the zigzag patterns

A

pendulum

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24
Q

convergent boundaries: what increases along a dippling seismic zone

A

focal depth

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25
Q

a dippling seismic zone

A

benioff zone

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26
Q

waves that travel through the earth that earthquakes generate

A

seismic waves

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27
Q

elastic energy that radiates outward in all directions from the focus

A

seismic waves

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28
Q

two types of seismic waves

A

body

surface

29
Q

types of body waves

A

primary

secondary

30
Q

types of surface waves

A

rayleigh

love

31
Q

spread outward from the focus in all directions

A

body waves

32
Q

spread outward from the epicenter to the earth’s surface

A

surface waves

33
Q

these waves can move rock particles in a rolling motion that very few structures can withstand

A

surface waves

34
Q

these waves moves slower that body waves

A

surface waves

35
Q

the first waves reach earthquake recording station

A

primary waves

36
Q

fastest waves

A

primary waves

37
Q

travel through solids liquids and gases

A

primary waves

38
Q

compressional or longitudinal wave

A

primary waves

39
Q

material movement is in the same direction as wave movement

A

primary waves

40
Q

arrive at the earthquake recording station later than primary waves

A

secondary waves

41
Q

slower than p waves

A

secondary waves

42
Q

travel through solids only

A

secondary waves

43
Q

transverse wave or shear waves

A

secondary waves

44
Q

move material perpendicular to wave movement

A

secondary waves

45
Q

travel just below or along the grounds surface

A

surface waves

46
Q

seismic waves moves along the outer layer of earth

A

surface waves

47
Q

travelling along the ground with up and down and side to side motion

A

surface waves

48
Q

slower than b waves

A

surface waves

49
Q

especially damaging to buildings

A

surface waves

50
Q

up and down motion

A

rayleigh waves

51
Q

side to side motion

A

love wave

52
Q

seismic wave behavior

A

p waves
s waves
l waves
r waves

53
Q

after an earthquake, what can be used to calculate the distance from the seismograph to the epicenter

A

the difference in arrival times at a seismograph station

54
Q

how many seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake

A

three

55
Q

the what of the circles locates the epicenter

A

intersection

56
Q

subjective measure of the kind of damage done and peoples reactions to it

A

intensity

57
Q

what lines identify areas of equal intensity

A

isoseismal

58
Q

what measures the magnitude

A

richter scale

59
Q

used to express earthquake magnitude on the basis of the height (amplitude) of the largest line (seismic wave, p or s) on a seismogram

A

richter scale

60
Q

how many people and structure are affecte by the seismic event; measures damage

A

intensity

61
Q

measures the intensity

A

mercalli scale

62
Q

using number from

A

1-12

63
Q

1 =

A

no damage

64
Q

12 =

A

total destruction

65
Q

the richter scale was originally developed for

A

southern california

66
Q

richter scale is also a

A

logarithmic scale

67
Q

minor earthquakes

A

3-4.9 magnitudes

68
Q

about how many earthquakes each year

A

55,000

SCIENCE LT 2 (5 decks)

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