Earth & Space Science Flashcards
What is Mauri?
Mauri is the life principle or essence inhered in all living things through genealogy.
What are the 4 spheres of the Earth?
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Geosphere/ Lithosphere
Atmosphere
State the Atua for each sphere?
Hydrosphere- Tangaro
Atmosphere- Tawhirimatea
Biosphere- Tane Mahuta
Geosphere- Ruamoko
What is the Earth system?
Earth system is showing how the sub-systems (sphere) all interact and work together to function the overall Earth.
What is a Biosphere?
Biosphere consist of all the living things in earth.
What is the difference between Biotic and Abiotic factor?
Biotic factors are living things are things that used to live. Like plants, wood…
Abiotic is non-living things and things that never lived such as rocks, soil…
What is a Biome?
A biome is an ecosystem (biotic and abiotic factors) in response to the physical environment in which they are found in.
What is an ecosystem?
An eco-system is made up of biotic and abiotic factors
Give the chemical difference between each sphere?
Biosphere: polymers
Lithosphere: ionic structures
Hydrosphere: molecules with dissolved ions
Atmosphere: molecules with weak inter-molecular forces.
Give examples of the Bioms
- Tundra: cold and lack of trees
- Boreal forests: cold and tall trees
- Temperate Forests: all 4 seasons
- Tropical rainforest: hot and humid, rain all year
What is a Deciduous forest?
A deciduous forest experiences all 4 seasons and the plants can survive all year (loose their leaves during the winter).
What is the Geosphere?
Geosphere contains all the rocks and mineral that make up Earth. It includes the crust and the inner part of Earth as well.
What are the layers of Earth?
- Crust- thinnest (5-70km)
- Mantle- Largest layer (2900km) made up of rigid rocks
- Outer core ( lave/magma : iron and nickel) 2200km thick
- Inner Core: hottest part of earth. It is made up of iron and nickel and is solid due to the extreme heat and pressure. (1250km)
Who is the unborn child?
Ruamoko (geosphere)
What is it called when living organisms in an ecosystem all depend on each other?
Interdependence
What are the properties of water?
- It is colourless
- Universal solvent
- High latent of vaporisation
- High energy is needed to change the temperature of water.
- Liquid in room temperature
- Ice has lower density than water
What is sublimation?
Giving energy to turn solid (ice) into gas
What is deposition?
Loosing energy to turn gas into solid.
What percentage of earth is covered in water?
Approximetly 70% of earth is covered in water.
What percentage of the water is in oceans?
Around 97% of the water is found in oceans.
What percentage of water is fresh?
Around 3% of Earth’s water is fresh. But only 1% is accesible.
Nitrogen and oxygen makes up 99% of the gases in the atmosphere
What percentage of the gases ?
78% Nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.93% Argon
0.04% carbon dioxide
What is an atmosphere?
An atmosphere is the gases that surround earth.
State the 5 layers of the atmosphere?
- Troposphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
- Exosphere
What is found in the Troposhere?
Most weather happen in the troposphere.
All water vapor prestnts here.
Also, planes fly in these area commonly.
What is found in the Stratosphere?
The ozone layer (aborbs UV sun radiation).
- The layer that does not get cold as altitude increases.
- Commercial jets/planes flys at the bottom of the stratosphere.
What is found in the Mesosphere?
Mesosphere is the middle layer.
It is the coldest layer
It burns meteros and asteroids before coming to the Earth’s surface
What is found in the Thermosphere?
Thermosphere is the 4th layer.
Aurora Australis and Borelis are found here
The internation space saltalite orbits around the theremosphere.
Also, the ionsphere presents here (charged particles due to sun raditation.)
What is found in the Exosphere?
This is the outer layer
Known as the outer space
Some satalites are found here
What is an ozone layer?
An ozone is a molecule contained by 3 oxgyen atoms bonded. They are formed and destroyed in the Stratosphere. It absorbs a portion of the UV sun radiaiton.
What depletes the Ozone layer?
- Man- made chemicals such as CFC and nitrogen dioxide.
What is an interaction?
The two way cause and effect between an event and a sphere can be classified as an interaction.
What is a biogeochemical process?
The biogeochemical processes are slow natural process that moves elements through the earth system (living and non-living things).
What are the Main biogeochemical process?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
What is the carbon cycle?
The carbon cycle is a natural, slow process that shows how carbon element is going around the spheres.
What is the nutrient cycle
The process by which nutrients are recycled through the environment, from living to non-living forms and back again.
What is the rock cycle
The rock cycle shows the changes in the geography and the three different states of the rock from igneous, sedimentary, Metamorphic rock
What is the Water cycle?
The water cycle is a slow, natural process that shows how water changes states and move around Earths spheres.
Explain how the water cycle works
The water cycles main energy source is the sun.
Evaporation- ocean water to water vapor. Or transpiration- water in plants loose to their water through leaves as water vapor.
condensation- the water vapor reach the atmosphere (colder as althitude increase) condensing it back into liquid forming clouds.
Percipitaition- too much water will be in cloud, meaning it will percipitate as water, hail, or snow.
Surface run off- the water percepitate to the surface/ground, the water will flow downhill untill it get to a floor that will absorb the water or until it gets into a ocean/river.
Infiltration- The ground socks up the water.
Explain how the rock cycle works
Magma
Extrusitve; Magma will rise/uplift and oes through a crack of the earth surface turing to lava. Then when settled it will cool down creating igneous rock.
Intrusive crystalisation- Magma cools down inside Earth. Then this rocks flows to the top of the surface of the earth. The uplisft happen creating intrusive ignrous rocks.
Weathering and erosion- The rock will be weatered (broken), then the broken rocks will be transpireted by rivers or strems (erosion). Then it be depoitited to the river or ocean floor.
Over time these broken sediments will have matter on top of it and the cementation due to clay and pressure will stick these sidements together creating sedimentary rocks.
Due to more pressure and heat, the sedimentary rocks are deepers into the earth’s curst creathign metaphporic rocks.
The metaphoric rock will eventually melt creating magma gains.
Explain how the Nutrient cycle works (Nitrogen)
The nutrient cycle also known as the biogeochemical cycle recycle the earth’s elements sometimes compounds like water. Theses cycles go through the biosphere from living organisms to non-living.
Explain how the carbon cycle works?
There is carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The carbon is removed through photosynthesis by plants (using co2, water and sunlight to convert into glucose and oxygen). Also, the ocean dissolves carbon dioxide, or marine plants like phytoplankton absorbs carbon dioxide.
Then, plants and animals release the organic carbon (stores as sugar, carbohydrate) back into the atmosphere is carbon dioxide through respiration.
In the hydrosphere, the carbon dioxide dissolved into create : bicarbonate ions (HCO3–), carbonate ions (CO32-), and carbonic acid (H2CO3). Together, these three species are often referred to as dissolved inorganic carbon, or DIC. The dissolved carbon compounds will form rocks.
The decay of dead plants also release carbon dioxide. Some time the decomposition of the oranic matter forms fossil fuels.
When fossil fuels are combuted in release the carbon stores back into the atmosphere as co2.
What is the difference between sedimentary rocks and metaphorphic rocks
What is the difference between photosynthesis and respirations?
What is transpiration?
