Earth Science chapter 15

Question 1

How do oceanographers study the water?

Answer 1

Look at oceans depth using instruments.

Question 2

How did early oceanographers learn and navigate the ocean?

Answer 2

sailed ships, clocks, moon and stars. very limited.

Question 3

How were the early voyages compared to now?

Answer 3

learned new things that we already know. didn’t have food and they faced shipwreck the sea was unknown to them

Question 4

Who is Charles Wyville Thompson.

Answer 4

made the first true oceanographic expedition.1870. was given a steam and sail named HMS challenger.

Question 5

How important was the Challenger expedition?

Answer 5

the expedition happened 182, 4717 new species were loged, decades to publish all of them. turning point in our understanding of the ocean.

Question 6

What are approaches to studying the ocean?

Answer 6

some look at a certain spot, some look at it like a complex system.

Question 7

Does the ocean stay the same?

Answer 7

no, changes daily , during storms, seasons.

Question 8

What is specific to small-area sampling?

Answer 8

they will look at multiple depths and one or more locations close together.slower. needs to be anylyzed most of the time

Question 9

What is specific to large area sampling compared to small area sampling?

Answer 9

sample broad area, wide area surveys, they take more time to look at maps and really connect what they have analyzed.

Question 10

what are the difficulties of studying the ocean?

Answer 10

everything rusts, everything gets wet, bad conditions, but they have created instruments that have helped tremendously.

Question 11

How did they measure depth, what was the issue, and how did they fix it?

Answer 11

used a lead line if it did not hit ground then they were safe. but it would break, so when sonar came it hepled with these issues.

Question 12

What did fridtjof Nansen create and how did it help?

Answer 12

a water sampling instrument called the Nansen bottle, it reatined the sample when it hit the water and idnt have to take them out one by one.

Question 13

Why is clarity important and how did we fix issues with water calrity?

Answer 13

it shows how much light penetrates the water, they used a secchi disk, which looked at it tell they couldntto see how much light was going in.

Question 14

Why are plankton important and how do we keep them alive?

Answer 14

they are great food for other organisms, use plankton net which is a coned shaped with a mettle ring at top. the net is hauled in then put in sample jars.

Question 15

what is a grab sampler?

Answer 15

it is a metal box that they put in the water ground then picks up mud and etc. then is studied later.

Question 16

How do they study sediment?

Answer 16

they use a sediment corer which is a long steel pipe, they lower it on the side of the ship, and is dropped to the ground and picks up mud which then they study.

Question 17

What is sonar and why is it so important?

Answer 17

Sonar is the most important instrument invented, is is artificial echolocation, sends out pulse that reflects. then a microphone detects the noises and calculates distance based on that noise.

Question 18

What are bottom profilers?

Answer 18

they look straight down below the ship and can quickly measure the depth.

Question 19

ways we can do wide area collection?

Answer 19

Buoys, satellite.

Question 20

what is a Buoy?

Answer 20

large, sturdy,discshpaed floats, they monitor weather, sea temp, salinity etc.

Question 21

what is satellite?

Answer 21

uses visual cameras, heat detectors, and radar.

Question 22

How did they fight the struggle of oxygen when going underwater?

Answer 22

diving bells, scuba, mixed gas diving.

Question 23

what was the purpose of diving bells, and how were they improvement?

Answer 23

bell shaped enclosure that they dropped to the floor(not much knowledge of this.

Question 24

What were the stages of the diving bell?

Answer 24

glass, wood, and iron, but they were very dangerous.

Question 25

who were Emile gagnan and Jacques yves Couteau?

Answer 25

they designed the scuba suit.

Question 26

the present form of tanks for breathing underwater?

Answer 26

mixed gas diving(this is needed because the oxygen in the atmosphere is different from the one in the water and can be dangerous).

Question 27

Man going to deep into the water?

Answer 27

our bodies cannot physically handle the pressure of it.

Question 28

what is the bathysphere?

Answer 28

was a ball made by William beebe. wasn’t to great but led to future inventions.

Question 29

triste?

Answer 29

was launched in 1953,

Question 30

what is the DSV?

Answer 30

it was jus better?

Question 31

what was a safer submarine?

Answer 31

unmanned submersibles, the newest one is the rov.