Earth Science- CH8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lithosphere

A

the tough, outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle

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2
Q

Ashenosphere

A

the upper layer of the earth’s mantle, below the lithosphere, in which it is made up of plastic

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3
Q

Mantle

A

the region of the earth’s inside between the crust and the core, believed to consist of hot, dense silicate rocks/lava

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4
Q

Core

A

The very bottom of Earth’s interior consisting of both the inner and outer core. This is where the hottest part of the earth.

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5
Q

Seismic Waves

A

Waves of energy that travel through the Earth’s crust, caused by Earthquakes

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6
Q

Continental Drift

A

movement of the plates of the Earth’s crust in relation to each other

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7
Q

Panthalassa

A

the vast sea surrounding the supercontinent of Pangaea

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8
Q

Pangaea

A

a super-continent that existed about 225 million years ago. All of the landmasses that existed at this time were joined together to form this super-continent.

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9
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

the theory concerning the movement of the continental plates

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10
Q

Convection currents

A

circular movement that occurs when warmer, less dense fluid particles rise and cooler, denser fluid particles sink

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11
Q

Continental crust

A

the plates of the Earth’s crust that make up the land

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12
Q

Oceanic Crust

A

one of the types of crust that makes up the Earth’s outer layer. Oceanic crust is thinner than continental crust and made up of dense, heavy rocks such as basalt.

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13
Q

Boundaries

A

the edges of tectonic plates

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14
Q

Subduction

A

process in which two tectonic plates push against each other, and oceanic crust sinks below the less dense continental crust

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15
Q

Destructive plate boundaries

A

a convergent boundary where two plates collide

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16
Q

Constructive plate boundaries

A

plate that creates new land from cooling magma

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17
Q

Ocean ridges

A

an area where the tectonic plates move apart, allowing magma from the mantle to rise, forming underwater volcanoes and creating new oceanic crust as it is cooled and solidified by sea water

18
Q

Conservative plate boundaries

A

boundaries between sliding plates, like the San Andreas Fault in the United States

19
Q

Laurasia

A

one of the two smaller continents created when the supercontinent Pangaea broke apart about 200 million years ago

20
Q

Gondwanaland

A

one of the two smaller continents created when the supercontinent Pangaea broke apart about 200 million years ago

21
Q

Hotspots

A

a localised place where an activity occurs

22
Q

Tremors

A

vibration on the Earth’s surface caused by an earthquake

23
Q

Epicentre

A

the point on the Earth’s centre directly above the site where an earthquake originates

24
Q

Focus

A

the point at which an earthquake begins

25
Q

Triangulation

A

finding a location by using at least three different sources of detection

26
Q

Seismograph

A

an instrument used to detect and measure the intensity of an earthquake

27
Q

Richter Sclae

A

a scale that measures the amount of energy released during an earthquake

28
Q

Primary Waves

A

compression waves that move through the Earth in the same way that sound waves move through air

29
Q

Secondary Wave

A

the second set of waves to be detected after P-waves. During seismic activity, secondary waves or S-waves travel in the form of transverse waves.

30
Q

Body Waves

A

waves that travel through the interior of the Earth; P-waves and S-waves are said to be body waves

31
Q

Surface Waves

A

(or L-waves) earthquake waves which travel only through the Earth’s crust; they are responsible for the majority of an earthquake’s destructive power

32
Q

Seismologists

A

a scientist who studies earthquakes

33
Q

Tsunami

A

a powerful ocean wave triggered by an undersea earth movement

34
Q

Volcanoes

A

natural opening in the Earth’s crust connected to areas of molten rock deep inside the crust

35
Q

Magma

A

a very hot mixture of molten rock and gases, just below the Earth’s surface, that has come from the mantle

36
Q

Lava

A

mixture of molten rock and gases that has reached the Earth’s surface from a volcano

37
Q

Volcanic Bombs

A

large rock fragment that is blown out of erupting volcanoes; also known as a lava bomb

38
Q

Lava Bombs

A

see volcanic bomb

39
Q

Active

A

describes a volcano that is erupting or has recently erupted

40
Q

Extinct

A

describes a volcano that has not erupted for thousands of years and is effectively dead

41
Q

Dormant

A

describes a volcano that has not erupted for more than 20 years but is not considered extinct