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Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

How old is the Universe?

A

14 billion years old

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2
Q

How old is the solar system?

A

4.6 billion years old

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Meteoroids are bigger than asteroids.

A

False (meteoroids are smaller than asteroids)

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4
Q

Who discovered that the universe is expanding?

A

Edwin Hubble

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5
Q

What theory did Edwin Hubble satisfy by his discovery?

A

Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity

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6
Q

When did the Big Bang Theory occur?

A

13.8 billion years ago

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The density of the Universe is 4.5 x 10^-31 g/cm^3.

A

True

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The diameter of the Universe should be at least 90 billion light-years.

A

False (it should be at least 91 billion light-years)

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9
Q

What is the approximate amount of 1 light-year?

A

9.4607 x 10^12 km.

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10
Q

What comprises the universe?

A

Baryonic matter, Cold Dark matter, Dark energy

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The universe consists of 4.6% of baryonic matter.

A

True

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12
Q

How many percent of cold dark matter is in the universe?

A

24%

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The universe consists of 73.4% of dark energy.

A

False (dark energy is 71.4% in the universe)

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Baryonic matter is ordinary matter.

A

True

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15
Q

What is dark matter?

A

Dark matter is composed of particles that do not absorb, reflect, or emit light.

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16
Q

What is cold dark matter?

A

Matter that has gravity but does not emit light.

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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Dark energy is the source of anti-gravity.

A

True

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18
Q

What are galaxies made up of?

A

Clusters of billions of stars

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19
Q

What do you call clusters of galaxies?

A

Superclusters

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The asteroid belt can be found between Jupiter and Saturn.

A

False (asteroid belt can be found between Mars and Jupiter)

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Meteoroids are called remnants of failed planets.

A

True

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22
Q

Why do meteoroids fail in forming as planets?

A

They fail to form because of the disturbance from Jupiter’s gravity.

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23
Q

Where does the Kuiper belt lie?

A

Beyond Neptune

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24
Q

What marks the outer boundary of the solar system?

A

The Oort Cloud

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The Kuiper belt consists of numerous rocky and icy bodies that are meters to hundreds of kilometers in size.

A

True

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The Oort Cloud is not composed of icy bodies.

A

False (the Oort Cloud is composed of icy bodies)

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27
Q

When did life took root on Earth?

A

3.8 billion years ago

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28
Q

What are the most abundant elements?

A

Hydrogen, helium, and lithium.

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29
Q

What term refers to the planet’s interacting physical, chemical, and biological processes?

A

Earth System

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30
Q

What are the subsystems of the earth?

A

Lithosphere (or Geosphere), Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere

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31
Q

It is made up of the earth’s crust and the top part of the upper mantle.

A

Lithosphere

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32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The lithosphere is the coolest and most rigid part of the Earth.

A

True

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33
Q

What are the two kinds of lithosphere (or crust)?

A

Continental and Oceanic

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34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The continental crust is denser than the oceanic crust.

A

False (oceanic crust is thinner and denser than the continental crust)

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35
Q

How thick is the oceanic crust/lithosphere?

A

7 to 10 km. thick

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36
Q

How thick is the continental crust/lithosphere?

A

25 to 70 km. thick

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37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

40% of the Earth’s surface is covered by continental crust.

A

True

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38
Q

What do you call the huge slabs of lithosphere?

A

Tectonic Plates

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39
Q

What are the nine major plates?

A

African, Antarctic, Australian, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, Indian, Pacific, North American, and South American

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40
Q

What is the largest plate?

A

The Pacific Plate: the Hawaiian Islands.

39,768,522 square miles

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41
Q

It is composed of natural solid materials which are aggregates of one or more minerals.

A

Rock

42
Q

What are the different types of rocks?

A

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic rocks

43
Q

What type of rock is formed via weathering and transport of existing rocks?

A

Sedimentary rocks

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Sedimentary rocks are found in rivers, oceans, lakes, etc.

A

True

45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Igneous rocks are formed when heat or pressure is applied to other rocks.

A

False (igneous rocks are formed by cooling and crystallization of molten rocks)

46
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

Metamorphic rocks are formed when heat or pressure is applied to other rocks.

47
Q

What are the gases found in the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (0.9%), and CO2 and H2O (0.1%)

48
Q

What are the layers of the atmosphere?

A

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere

49
Q

What is the densest layer of the atmosphere where all the weather that we experience occurs?

A

Troposphere

50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The mesosphere contains the ozone layer.

A

False (the stratosphere contains the ozone layer)

51
Q

What absorbs and scatters the UV rays from the sun in preventing it to reach and damage the Earth’s surface?

A

Ozone layer

52
Q

What is the coldest layer of the atmosphere?

A

Mesosphere

53
Q

What do you call the top of the mesosphere?

A

Mesopause

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Meteors burn up in the mesosphere.

A

True

55
Q

It is the hottest layer of the atmosphere with a very low air density but still not outer space.

A

Thermosphere

56
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Exosphere is the layer where the auroras occur.

A

False (thermosphere is the layer where the auroras occur)

57
Q

What layer of the atmosphere forms the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space?

A

Exosphere

58
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Exosphere is the thinnest layer of the atmosphere.

A

True

59
Q

What do you call the process that occurs when gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap the heat from the sun?

A

Greenhouse effect

60
Q

What are the main greenhouse gases?

A

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons.

61
Q

What is the study of rock layers?

A

Stratigraphy

62
Q

What are the layers of the earth?

A

Crust, mantle, core

63
Q

What is the boundary between the Earth’s crust and mantle?

A

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

64
Q

What is the boundary between the Earth’s upper and lower mantle?

A

Repiti Discontinuity

65
Q

What is the boundary between the Earth’s mantle and core?

A

Gutenberg Discontinuity

66
Q

What is the boundary between the Earth’s outer and inner core?

A

Lehmann Discontinuity

67
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The Earth’s outer core is a solid layer while the inner core is a fluid layer.

A

False (the outer core is a fluid layer, the inner core is a solid layer)

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The Earth’s outer core is made up of molten iron and nickel.

A

True

69
Q

What layer of the Earth is responsible for generating Earth’s magnetic field?

A

Outer core

70
Q

What are the types of faults?

A

Normal, Reverse, Strike-slip fault

71
Q

It is the study of the Earth.

A

Geology

72
Q

What is the 75% that covers the surface of the Earth?

A

Water

73
Q

What is the classification of body waves that can travel in any material?

A

P-waves (Primary waves)

74
Q

What measures the extent of damage that is caused by an earthquake?

A

Mercalli Intensity Scale

75
Q

What is the most common type of volcano?

A

Composite volcanoes (or stratovolcanoes)

76
Q

What do you call the waves in stratified rocks?

A

Folds

77
Q

What scale measures the amount of energy contained in an earthquake?

A

Richter Magnitude Scale

78
Q

What are the types of seismic waves?

A

Body waves and Surface waves

79
Q

What are the types of folds?

A

Anticline, Syncline, Monocline

80
Q

What is the fold that dips away from the center?

A

Anticline

81
Q

What is the study of earthquakes?

A

Seismology

82
Q

What are the waves of energy that travel through the Earth’s layers?

A

Seismic waves

83
Q

What are the parts when Pangea was separated?

A

Laurasia (north), Gondwana (south)

84
Q

What are the regions where tectonic plates meet?

A

Plate boundaries

85
Q

What are the types of plate boundaries?

A

Divergent, Convergent, Transform boundaries

86
Q

This is a type of stress that is common in divergent boundaries.

A

Tension stress

87
Q

What are the kinds of sedimentary rocks?

A

Clastic, chemical, organic

88
Q

What are the main types of volcanoes?

A

Cinder cone volcano, shield volcano, composite volcano (or stratovolcano)

89
Q

What are the types of stress?

A

Confining, Compression, Tension, Shearing stress

90
Q

What type of fold dips toward the center?

A

Syncline

91
Q

It is the type of stress that is applied to all sides of rock.

A

Confining stress

92
Q

What is the block above the fault plane?

A

Hanging wall

93
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Normal fault causes the hanging wall to move up in relation to the footwall.

A

False (normal fault causes the hanging wall to move down)

94
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Surface waves are slower than body waves.

A

True

95
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Water is non-polar.

A

False (Water is polar. It can mix with or dissolve other polar/ionic substances.)

96
Q

Which subsystem of the Earth is the zone of life that includes all the ecosystems of the planet?

A

Biosphere

97
Q

How many years has the biosphere existed?

A

3.8 billion years

98
Q

What are the biosphere’s earliest life forms?

A

Prokaryotes

99
Q

What are the UNESCO Biosphere Reserves of the Philippines?

A

Albay Biosphere Reserve, Palawan Biosphere Reserve, Puerto Galera Biosphere Reserve

100
Q

When was the first biosphere reserve of the Philippines designated?

A

1977 - Puerto Galera Biosphere Reserve

101
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The Albay Biosphere Reserve was designated in 1990.

A

False (Albay Biosphere Reserve was designated in 2016. Palawan Biosphere reserve was designated in 1990.)

Science (5 decks)

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