Biology Flashcards
It is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanism, development, and evolution.
Biology
Who is considered the father of Biology?
Aristotle
________ is the science of identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms.
Taxonomy
What is the study of the external form, size, shape, color, structure, and relative position of various living organs of living organisms?
Morphology
Which branch of biology is the study of the internal structure that can be observed with unaided eye after dissection?
Anatomy
What is the study of tissue organization and structure?
Histology
What instrument is used in observing tissue structures in Histology?
Light microscope
What is the study of the form and structure of cells including the behavior of nucleus and other organelles?
Cytology
It is defined as the study of the morphological, organizational, biochemical, physiological, genetic, developmental, pathological, and evolutionary aspects of cells and its components.
Cell Biology
What is the study of the nature, physicochemical organization, synthesis working, and interaction of biomolecules that bring about and control various activities of the protoplasm?
Molecular Biology
What is the term of the cytoplasm and nucleus of a cell?
Protoplasm
It is defined as the study of fertilization, growth, division, and differentiation of the zygote into an embryo.
Embryology
What is the study of the early development of living beings before the attainment of structure and size of the offspring?
Embryology
________ is the study of living organisms in relation to other organism and their environment.
Ecology
What is the study of inheritance of characters or heredity and variations?
Genetics
It is the study of the expression and transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
Heredity
What is the science that deals with factors related to the improvement or impairment of race?
Eugenics
This studies the origin of life as well as new types of organisms from the previous ones by modifications involving genetic changes and adaptions.
Evolution
What is the study of fossils or remains and impressions of past organisms present in the rocks of different ages?
Paleontology
What is the branch of scientific inquiry that deals with the possibility of life in outer space?
Exobiology
What is the study of viruses?
Virology
It is a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Ecosystem
The ecosystem is an (open, close) system because it requires ongoing inputs of energy to persist.
Open system
These are animals that consume plants and are also known as primary consumers.
Herbivores
What are the animals that consume meat from other animals and are known as higher-order consumers?
Carnivores
TRUE OR FALSE:
Carnivores are animals that can consume both plants and animals.
False (omnivores are animals that can consume plants and animals)
What are the consumers that eat small bits of organic remains?
Detritrivores
What is another term for decomposers?
Saprophytes
They use enzymes to break down wastes and remains into inorganic components and absorb it.
Decomposers
What shows the path of energy and nutrient flow among organisms?
Food chain
This shows the interconnection of food chains.
Food web
What kind of food chain is it when herbivores eat producers?
Grazing Food Chains
Producers die and are then consumed by detritivores. What kind of food chain is this?
Detrital Food Chains
What are the graphics that show how energy and organic compounds are distributed among organisms within an ecosystem?
Energy pyramids and biomass pyramids
What are the two classes of biogeochemical cycles?
Gaseous and Sedimentary
What do you call the cycle that involves the flow of chemical elements between living organisms and the environment?
Biogeochemical Cycles
What is the reservoir of the gaseous class of biogeochemical cycles?
Air and oceans (via evaporation)
What is the reservoir of the sedimentary class of biogeochemical cycles?
The Earth’s crust
What portion of the biogeochemical cycle do elements move through a food web then return to the environment?
Biological portion
Where is the main reservoir of the water cycle located?
The oceans
What is the process of the water cycle?
Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation
Where is most of the freshwater on Earth found?
Icecaps and glaciers
This process of the water cycle occurs when clouds become too saturated and fall as rain or snow.
Precipitation
Why is rain naturally acidic?
Rain is naturally acidic because of the formation of carbonic acid from the reaction of CO2 and H2O.
______ happens when water from rain travels along land and flows back to the sea.
Runoff
TRUE OR FALSE:
Carbon dioxide contributes to the greenhouse effect.
True
What is the main reservoir of nitrogen (N2)?
Air
What is the process that can cause a reaction between N2 and O2 in the air to form nitrates?
Lightning
The nitrogen cycle is a/an __________ cycle.
Atmospheric cycle
What process of the nitrogen cycle reduces nitrates back to the atmosphere as nitrogen (N2)?
Denitrification
The phosphorus cycle is a/an __________ cycle.
Sedimentary cycle
Who developed/discovered Taxonomy?
Carolus Linneaus
What is the nationality of the botanist who discovered Taxonomy?
Swedish
What are the levels of Taxonomy?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
[MNEMONIC: D-, King, Philip, Came, Over, For, Grape, Soda]
What is the broadest category of taxonomy?
Domain
What are the domains?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What are single-celled organisms without a nucleus?
Prokaryotes
Organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular with cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles belong in what domain?
Domain Eukarya
What are the kingdoms?
Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
[MNEMONIC: PEAFPA]
What kingdoms belong to Domain Eukarya?
Kingdom Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Kingdom Eubacteria belongs to which domain?
Domain Bacteria
What is the history of the evolution of a species or group that allows them to be classified according to their common ancestors?
Phylogeny
It is a method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms according to the characters, or traits, of the organisms.
Cladistic analysis
What instrument is used in cladistic analysis to examine new characteristics?
Cladogram
Scientific names are always _________.
Italicized
What is the term for new characteristics which arise in a lineage?
Derived characters
What Family do dogs, wolves, foxes belong to?
Canidae
If Mephitidae is the family that skunks belong to, where do cats and bears belong?
Felidae (cat), Ursidae (bears)
What class do birds belong to?
Aves
What are the major classes/groups of the kingdom Plantae?
Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
They are organisms that can produce their own food using inorganic substances.
Autotrophs
What are the kinds of autotrophs?
Photoautotrophs, Chemoautotrophs
What kind of autotrophs makes their own energy using light and CO2 through the process of photosynthesis?
Photoautotrophs
This kind of autotroph produces energy without the use of light.
Chemoautotroph
What are organisms that are known as the consumers of the biosphere?
Heterotrophs
What are the main parts of a plant?
Roots, Stem, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits
What are the essential and underground parts of a plant?
Roots
What part of a plant is found above ground and bears leaves, fruits, and flowers?
Stem
The ________ contains chlorophyll that helps the plants to prepare their food.
Leaves
The region where leaves arise in a stem is called what exactly?
Nodes
What do you call the regions between nodes in a stem?
Internodes
What are the parts of leaves?
Petiole, leaf base, lamina (or leaf blade)
______ is the reproductive part of a plant.
Flower
The part of a plant which is an ovary that develops after fertilization.
Fruits
What is the term for fruits that develop without fertilization?
Parthenocarpy
What are the major parts of a flower?
Petals, Sepals, Stamens, Pistil (or Carpel)
What part of a flower protects the flower buds from damage?
Sepals
_______ are the male part of a flower.
Stamens
What are the components of stamens?
Filament, anther
What is the female part of a flower?
Pistil
What are the components of the pistil?
Stigma, style, ovary
What are the main functions of leaves?
Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Reproduction
It is the evaporation of water from plants’ leaves.
Transpiration
It is defined as the environmental conditions in which an organism lives and adapts.
Habitat
It is the role played by organisms within a habitat.
Niche
__________ is the variety of life within an ecosystem.
Biodiversity
Where do large communities of organisms occupy a major habitat?
Biomes
It is a biome that experiences four (4) seasons.
Deciduous forest
What do you call the area where salt water mixes with freshwater?
Estuaries
What biome is known as snow forest?
Taiga
Which land biome covers over 1/5 of the earth’s surface?
Desert
What are the types of biomes?
Land and Aquatic biomes
This process converts kinetic energy in light to potential energy in the bonds of carbohydrates.
Photosynthesis
What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the basic unit of all light?
Photon
They are known as the only pigments that have the ability to absorb energy from sunlight.
Photosynthetic pigments
What are the accessory pigments of plants?
Chlorophyll and Cartenoids
Where do plants exchange gases with the environment through?
Stomata
What converts light energy to sugar and other organic molecules?
Chroloplast
It is the gelatinous fluid in a chloroplast that surrounds grana.
Stroma
What are the stacks of pancake-shaped thylakoid membranes?
Grana
These membranes provide the platform for the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Thylakoid membranes
A photosystem consists of what?
Proteins, antenna pigments, and a reaction center.
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light Reactions and Carbon Reactions
This stage of photosynthesis is also called the Calvin cycle.
Carbon Reactions
Where do Light Reactions take place?
The Thylakoid membranes
The Carbon reactions takes place in _______.
The stroma
What is an array of cells of a specific type that interact in a collective task?
Tissue
What are the types of tissues that are organized as organs and organ systems?
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue
As the body consists of largely fluid in which most are inside cells, what serves as the cell’s environment?
Extracellular fluid
What type of tissue covers and lines body surfaces and cavities?
Epithelial tissue
What junctions form a waterproof barrier between cells?
Tight junctions
What junctions hold cells together?
Adhering junctions
What are special epithelial cells?
Gland cells
What glands secrete hormones and are ductless?
Endocrine glands
What glands secrete substances such as milk through ducts?
Exocrine glands
These tissues structurally and functionally connect tissues.
Connective tissues
What is the most common type of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue
Stretchy dense, regular connective tissue makes up _____________.
Ligaments and tendons
What are some components of the skeletal system?
Cartilage and bone tissue
What tissue stores lipids, serves as insulation, and acts as padding?
Adipose tissue
TRUE OR FALSE:
Blood is considered a connective tissue.
True
Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
It consists of cells derived from bones in a fluid plasma.
What tissue contracts when stimulated?
Muscle tissues
This kind of tissue help moves the body and its component parts.
Muscle tissue
What are the types of muscle tissues?
Skeletal muscle tissue, Cardiac muscle tissue, Smooth muscle tissue
What muscle tissue is also known as voluntary tissue?
Skeletal muscle tissue
TRUE OR FALSE:
The smooth muscle tissue interacts with bones.
False (skeletal muscle tissue interacts with bones)
What is the muscle of the heart?
Cardiac muscle
What muscle tissue/s appears striated?
Skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues
What muscle tissue/s is under voluntary control?
Smooth muscle tissue
What does ‘striated’ mean?
Marked by transverse dark and light bands/streaks.
What type of tissue coordinates information within a body?
Nervous tissue
_______ relay electrical signals along the length of the nervous tissue.
Neurons
What cells protect and support neurons?
Neuroglial cells
What are the regions of our coelom?
Thoracic cavity, Abdominal cavity, Pelvic cavity
What organ system includes skin and structures derived from it?
Integumentary system
What are the layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
What makes the skin waterproof?
Keratin
What gives color to the skin?
Melanin
What is the body’s main control center?
Nervous system
What system consists of hormone-secreting endocrine glands and cells?
Endocrine system
What systems work together to control the activity of other organ systems?
Nervous system and endocrine system
It is a system that consists of individual muscles that move the body and its parts.
Muscular system
It is the body’s framework.
Skeletal system
TRUE OR FALSE:
The skeletal system protects internal organs and serves as a point of attachment for skeletal muscles.
True
_____ are organs of the skeletal system.
Bones
What system contains the heart, lungs, and blood vessels?
Circulatory system
What systems cooperate with each other in delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells throughout the body, and clearing their wastes?
Circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system
What system consists of vessels that move fluid from tissues to the blood?
Lymphatic system
What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes, tonsils, the spleen
What organs help protect the body against pathogens?
Lymphatic organs
This system includes the lungs and the airways that lead to them.
Respiratory system
Which organ system takes in food, breaks it down, delivers nutrients to the blood, and eliminates undigested wastes?
Digestive system
What are the organs that filter blood and make urine?
Kidneys
What system removes wastes from the blood and adjusts blood volume and solute composition?
Urinary system
What is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction?
Reproductive system
What cavity holds the brain?
Cranial cavity
What cavity holds the spinal cord?
Spinal cavity
Who was the first person who discovered cells?
Robert Hooke (1665)
It is the microscopic component of all organisms.
Cells
What theory states that all biological organisms are composed of cells; cells are the unit of life and all cells come from preexisting cells?
Cell theory
What are the functional units of life?
Cells
What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm?
Cytosol
Complex cells have specialized compartments called ___________.
Organelles
__________ are structurally simple but are abundant and diverse.
Bacteria
Where can eukaryotic cells be found?
Protists, plants, fungi, animals
Where can prokaryotic cells be found?
Bacteria, archaea
In what area does DNA occur?
Nucleoid
What domain contains organisms with complex cells?
Domain Eukarya
TRUE OR FALSE:
Most eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells.
True
What are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells?
Organelles
What molecule is in charge of storing and transferring energy that is produced by mitochondria in cells?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
This organelle produces chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions.
Mitochondria
They serve as the “skeleton” of the cell.
Microtubules
What is a membrane-bound organelle engulfs and transports materials and harmful pathogens in and out of cells?
Vacuoles
_________ construct information from information in RNA.
Ribosomes
What is the abbreviation of RNA?
Ribonucleic acid
What is the abbreviation of DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What organelle functions as modifying, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion.
Golgi apparatus/Golgi complex
They facilitate photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
What organelle contains enzymes to digest and remove waste products?
Lysosomes
What organelle functions as the digestive system of the cell?
Lysosomes
What type of cell division is an asexual reproduction?
Mitosis
What are the phases of Mitosis reproduction?
Prophase, metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
MNEMONIC: PMAT
This type of cell division is achieved by the union of a sperm with an egg cell. It is known as sexual reproduction.
Meiosis
Which type of cell division yields gametes with only half as many chromosomes as somatic cells?
Meiosis
These chromosomes consist of a DNA-protein complex that is organized in a compact manner.
Eukaryotic chromosomes
Where is the sub-unit designation of the chromosome?
Chromatin
The basic repeating structural (and functional) unit of chromatin is the ________.
Nucleosome
This phase of mitosis is when the chromosomes coil up and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Prophase
In what phase of mitosis does a mitotic spindle made of microtubule tracks move the chromosomes to the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
_______ is the phase in mitosis where the sister chromatids separate and are moved to opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase
The process of mitosis where the chromosomes return to chromatin and a new nuclear membrane and nucleolus form.
Telophase
________ happens at the same time as telophase in many cells.
Cytokinesis
What is the physical process of cell division which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two (2) daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
______________ produce genetically identical cells.
Mitosis and cytokinesis
What is the term when malignant tumors invade other tissues?
Metastasize
It is the basis of sexual reproduction.
Meiosis
How many body cells do humans have?
46, 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
