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STEM-11 QUARTER 2 > earth sci > Flashcards

earth sci Flashcards

1
Q

Formed, located or occurring beneath the surface of the earth.

A

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

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2
Q

When the land is shaped by ____________ ____________we call this ENDOGENIC PROCESSES.

A

Endogenic Forces

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3
Q

Main Endogenic Processes

A

FOLDING & FAULTING

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4
Q

cause many major landform features

A

ENDOGENIC PROCESS

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5
Q

When two forces push towards each other from opposite sides, the rock layers will bend into folds

A

Folding

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6
Q

The process by which folds are formed are due to compressional forces known as

A

Folding

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7
Q

are found mainly along destructive plate boundaries.

A

Large Scale Folds

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8
Q

is the fracturing and displacement of more brittle rock strata along a fault plane either caused by tension or compression.

A

Faulting

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9
Q

A break in rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock movement has occurred is called a

A

Fault

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10
Q

The line of fault which appears on land surface is known as

A

Fault Line

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11
Q

three types of fault

A
  1. Normal fault (Convergence)
  2. Reverse fault (Divergence)
  3. Tear fault (Transform)
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12
Q

Faulting forms two major landforms

A

block mountains and rift valleys

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13
Q

formed when large blocks of the Earth’s crust are uplifted and tilted with a fault line. This creates steep slopes on one side of the block and gentler slopes on the other side.

A

Block Mountains

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14
Q

lowland region that forms where Earth’s tectonic plates move apart, or rift.

A

Rift Valley

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15
Q

are Endogenic Processes that are subsequent to the main ones.

A
  1. Volcanism (Volcanic Activity)
  2. Metamorphism
  3. Earthquake (Seismic Activity)
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16
Q

Magma beneath the crust is under very great pressure. When folding faulting occur, cracks or fractures which are lines of weakness are created

A

Volcanism

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17
Q

two types of Volcanism

A
  1. Intrusive volcanism
  2. Extrusive volcanism
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18
Q

iswhen magma is forced into the rocks that make up the Earth’s crust. When it cools and become solid while still underground, different features called plutons are formed. The rock formed is intrusive igneous rock

A

Intrusive volcanism

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19
Q

landforms arethe result of magma coming from deep within the earth to the surface, where it cools as lava. This can happen explosively or slowly, depending on the chemical composition of the lava and whether there is an easy path for it to take to the surface.

A

Extrusive volcanism

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20
Q

is an endogenic process which occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to geologic structures
which leads to the formation of Metamorphic Rocks.

A

Metamorphism

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21
Q

is a sudden shaking or vibration in the earth’s crust.

A

Earthquake or (Seismic Activity)

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22
Q

Refers to activities or phenomena that occur on the Earth’s surface.

A

EXOGENIC PROCESSES

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23
Q

TYPES OF EXOGENIC PROCESSES

A
  1. WEATHERING
  2. EROSION
  3. MASS WASTING
  4. SEDIMENTATION
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24
Q

The process that breaks down rock into smaller pieces

A

WEATHERING

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25
Q

happens when rock is physically broken into smaller pieces.

A

physical weathering

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26
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHYSICAL WEATHERING

A
  1. ICE WEDGING
  2. RELEASE OF PRESSURE
  3. GROWTH OF PLANTS
  4. ANIMALS
  5. ABRASION
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27
Q

is the process of breaking down rock through chemical changes

A

chemical weathering

28
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHEMICAL WEATHERING

A
  1. WATER
  2. OXYGEN
  3. CARBON DIOXIDE
  4. LIVING ORGANISMS
  5. ACID RAIN
29
Q

rock particles that get carried by wind , water ice an gravity

A

Erosion

30
Q

When weathered rock remains in place and remains in its pure state.

A

Regolith

31
Q

When weathered material is removed from the site of weathering.

A

Sediment

32
Q

It is the main agent of erosion

A

Moving Water

33
Q

became one of the causes of erosion.

A

People

34
Q

Weathered rock material will be removed
from its original site and transported away by a natural agent

A

Weathering and Erosion

35
Q

type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along a curved surface

A

Slump

36
Q

the slow downhillthe fall of soil

A

solifluction

37
Q

is a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated water and moves under the pull of gravity.

A

earthflow

38
Q

occurs when mud travels down a slope very quickly

A

mudflow

39
Q

is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of rocks, soil, and debris mixed with water and/or ice.

A

Debris Slide

40
Q

moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope under the influence of gravity

A

Debris Flow

41
Q

occurs when pieces of rock break loose from a steep rock face or cliff.

A

Rock flow

42
Q

slow, gradual movement of soil or regolith downhill over time

A

soil creep

43
Q

observed and presupposed that the shapes of the continents on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean seem to connect to each other

A

Abraham Ortelius

44
Q

developed the concept of and hypothesized the continental drift theory. He claimed that Earth used to have only one supergiant land mass where all the continents came from (see figure 3.13). He called this massive land mass Pangaea.

A

Alfred Wegener

45
Q

, Pangaea broke apart and each land mass “drifted” away from each other in different locations. Initially, two giant continents were formed

A
  1. Laurasia
  2. Gondwanaland
46
Q

comprised the northern continents today

A

Laurasia

47
Q

comprised the continents in the present Southern Hemisphere

A

Gondwanaland

48
Q

recognized the existence of Gondwanaland.
better known to have proposed the existence of Tethys Sea, the only recognized body of water during that time.

A

Eduard Suess

49
Q

evidence to support the continental drift theory

A
  1. Similarity of fossils found in different continents
  2. Presence of tillites in areas whose present climates do not suggest glacial formation
  3. Presence of coal seams in Polar Regions
  4. Continuity of rock layers found in different continents
  5. Similarity of rock types in different continents
50
Q

are glacial deposits from rock strata in areas that were once covered with snow.

A

tillites

51
Q

during an initial survey for ocean floor mapping and other geological explorations, certain findings led to the discovery of more accurate pieces of evidence that would lead to the explanation of the moving continents.

A

Plate Tectonic Theory

52
Q

suggested the idea of thermal convection as the driving force for the movement of the continents.

A

Arthur Holmes

53
Q

more precise term to refer to the moving piece of crust

A

Plate

54
Q

seven major plates

A
  1. Pacific Plate
  2. Eurasian Plate
  3. North American Plate
  4. South American Plate
  5. Antartic Plate
  6. African Plate
  7. Indo Australlian Plate
55
Q

Boundaries are where plates meet. They are driven by compressional forces.

A

Convergent Boundary

56
Q

Convergent boundaries are where most of the destruction of crust takes place, specifically in the _________________ _______.

A

Subduction Zone

57
Q

Are where plates move away from each other. Plates moves apart because of the magma that is being pushed upward of the plates.

A

Divergent Boundary

58
Q

Are where plates slide past each other. Neither plate gets subducted. Plates slide past each other and the sudden movement can cause earth.

A

Transform Boundary

59
Q

The tectonic movement of the plates results in

A

Crustal Deformation

60
Q

3 types of
stress

A
  1. Compressional Stress
  2. Tensional Stress
  3. Shear Stress
61
Q

When a rock is pressed together into itself, like when
crust movements cause two rocks to squeeze another one
between them

A

Compressional Stress

62
Q

when a rock is pulled apart.

A

Tensional Stress

63
Q

force tending to cause deformation of a material by
slippage along a plane or planes parallel to the imposed
stress.

A

Shear Stress

64
Q

2 Types of Crustal Deformation

A
  1. Folding
  2. Faulting
65
Q

type of Earth movement
resulting from the compression of rock strata (or rock
layers). Bending, curving, crumpling, or buckling of rocks
into folds is usually visible on rock strata

A

Folding

66
Q

another type of Earth
movement that forms cracks or fractures on the rocks

A

Faulting

STEM-11 QUARTER 2 (4 decks)

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