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General Science > Earth, Rock, Quake, Volcano > Flashcards

Earth, Rock, Quake, Volcano Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This part of earth is 1800 miles (2900 km) below on earth’s surface.
- with elements iron and nickel

A

Core

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2
Q

center of earth

-solid and about 780 miles (1250 km) thick

A

inner core

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3
Q
  • hot and metals are molten and about 1370 miles (2200 km) thick
  • spins around inner core that causes earths’ magnetism
A

outer core

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4
Q

begins 6 miles (10km) below oceanic crust and about 19 miles (30 km) below continental crust
- 1800 miles (2900 km) thick and made up nearly 80% of earth’s weight

A

mantle

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5
Q

earth’s hard outer shell

A

crust

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6
Q

4-7 miles (6-11 km) thick and consist of heavy rocks, like basalt

A

oceanic crust

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7
Q

19 miles (30 km) thick and made up of light materials, like granite

A

continental crust

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8
Q

consist of nine large plates and twelve smaller ones

A

lithosphere

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9
Q

drift of plates across the surface of the earth

A

continental drift theory

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10
Q

plates pull apart, hot molten rock (fluid magma) emerges as lava and so new matter is added to the plates (this is how oceanic plates formed)

A

diverging plates

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11
Q

where diverging plates happens and is about 4920ft (1500m) high
-areas of much volcanic and earthquake activity

A

mid-ocean ridges

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12
Q

huge plates of earth’s surface are slowly moving together with unimaginable force

A

converging plates

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13
Q

happens when one tectonic plate bends beneath the other

A

subduction

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14
Q

volcanic activity under the sea causes mag,a from beneath the crust rise to the surface, forming a very long ridge along the middle of the ocean separating large continents

A

seafloor spreading

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15
Q

process which involves movements of earth’s ncrust such that a portion is pushed up, down or forced sideways

A

diastrophism

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16
Q

process when the sideward forces acting on rocks deform rocks into wavelike folds after tilting, bending and wrinkling

A

folding

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17
Q

sliding or moving over of rock layers over on another along the break or fracture,may occur vertical or horizontal

A

faulting

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18
Q

gap in the earth where molten rock and other materials come to the surface of earth

A

volcano

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19
Q

volcanoes that likely to erupt at any moment

A

active

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20
Q

volcanoes that lie dormant for centuries, but then erupt sudden
y and violently

A

dormant

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21
Q

volcanoes that no longer likely to erupt

A

extinct

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22
Q

broad, shallow volcanic cone, which arises because the running lava, which is fluid and hot, cools slowly

A

shield volcano

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23
Q

has a steep, convex slope from thick fast cooling lava

A

dome volcano

24
Q

throws out lava and much ash in the air. built up from layers of volcanic ash and cinder

A

ash-cinder volcano

25
Q

built up from layers of lava and ash, but with many little craters on its slope

A

composite volcano

26
Q

old volcano with large crater at about 61 miles (100km) wide

A

caldera volcano

27
Q

focus or source of earthquake

A

hypocenter

28
Q

above the focus of earthquake

A

epicenter

29
Q

earthquakes that is 0-43 miles (0-70 km) below ground

A

shallow

30
Q

earthquakes that is 43-186 miles (70-300km) below ground

A

intermediate

31
Q

earthquakes that is deeper than 186miles (300 km) below ground

A

deep

32
Q

formed when magma from within the earth cools and solidifies, like granite, basalt, obsidian

A

ingeneous rocks

33
Q

igneous that solidify beneath earth

A

intrusive

34
Q

igneous that solidify in the surface

A

extrusive

35
Q

rocks formed from sediments, like limestone,sandstone, shale

A

sedimentary rock

36
Q

sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been transformed by heat, pressure or both, like schist,marble, slate

A

metamorphic rock

37
Q

breaking down of rocks by physical or chemical means giving rise to sediments or other rock fragments

A

weathering

38
Q

weathering that water expands when it freezes

A

frost wedging

39
Q

weathering that breaks off into leaves or sheets along joints which parallel the ground surface; unloading

A

exfoliation

40
Q

weathering that repeated daily heating and cooling of rock

A

thermal expansion

41
Q

rocks reacts with water, gases and solutions (may be acidic); will add or remove elements from minerals

A

chemical weathering

42
Q

common minerals that dissolve in water : halite, calcite

A

dissolution or solution

43
Q

contain calcite and soluble in acidic water

A

limestone and marble

44
Q

cave formations

A

speleothems

45
Q

travertine that hang from ceiling

A

stalactites

46
Q

travertine thats on the ground

A

stalagmites

47
Q

forms on limestone terrain and characterized ves, sinkholes, springs, disappearing streams

A

krast topography

48
Q

oxygen combines with iron- bearing silicate minerals causing rusting

A

oxidation

49
Q

organisms that assist in breaking down rock into sediment or soil, like : roots, lichens, fungi, animals

A

biological wetahering

50
Q

rock fragments and sediments are carried along by such agents as wind and running water

A

erosion

51
Q

rock fragments and sediments are carried by agents of erosion are dropped or deposited in other places

A

deposition

52
Q

rock fragments and other minerals that accumulated, usually at bottom of thick column of water,get cemented together and harden into rock

A

compacting

53
Q

change in constitution of rock brought about by pressure, heat and chemical action resulting in a more compact and highly crystalline condition of rock

A

metamorphism

54
Q

solid, inorganic substances in earth

  • building block of rocks
  • like gold, silver, limestone, clay, quartz
A

minerals

55
Q

minerals or pearls that have been cut or polished

A

gems

56
Q

most valuable gems, like diamonds, rubies, emerald

A

precious stones

General Science (4 decks)

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