Earth, Rock, Quake, Volcano Flashcards
This part of earth is 1800 miles (2900 km) below on earth’s surface.
- with elements iron and nickel
Core
center of earth
-solid and about 780 miles (1250 km) thick
inner core
- hot and metals are molten and about 1370 miles (2200 km) thick
- spins around inner core that causes earths’ magnetism
outer core
begins 6 miles (10km) below oceanic crust and about 19 miles (30 km) below continental crust
- 1800 miles (2900 km) thick and made up nearly 80% of earth’s weight
mantle
earth’s hard outer shell
crust
4-7 miles (6-11 km) thick and consist of heavy rocks, like basalt
oceanic crust
19 miles (30 km) thick and made up of light materials, like granite
continental crust
consist of nine large plates and twelve smaller ones
lithosphere
drift of plates across the surface of the earth
continental drift theory
plates pull apart, hot molten rock (fluid magma) emerges as lava and so new matter is added to the plates (this is how oceanic plates formed)
diverging plates
where diverging plates happens and is about 4920ft (1500m) high
-areas of much volcanic and earthquake activity
mid-ocean ridges
huge plates of earth’s surface are slowly moving together with unimaginable force
converging plates
happens when one tectonic plate bends beneath the other
subduction
volcanic activity under the sea causes mag,a from beneath the crust rise to the surface, forming a very long ridge along the middle of the ocean separating large continents
seafloor spreading
process which involves movements of earth’s ncrust such that a portion is pushed up, down or forced sideways
diastrophism
process when the sideward forces acting on rocks deform rocks into wavelike folds after tilting, bending and wrinkling
folding
sliding or moving over of rock layers over on another along the break or fracture,may occur vertical or horizontal
faulting
gap in the earth where molten rock and other materials come to the surface of earth
volcano
volcanoes that likely to erupt at any moment
active
volcanoes that lie dormant for centuries, but then erupt sudden
y and violently
dormant
volcanoes that no longer likely to erupt
extinct
broad, shallow volcanic cone, which arises because the running lava, which is fluid and hot, cools slowly
shield volcano
has a steep, convex slope from thick fast cooling lava
dome volcano
throws out lava and much ash in the air. built up from layers of volcanic ash and cinder
ash-cinder volcano
built up from layers of lava and ash, but with many little craters on its slope
composite volcano
old volcano with large crater at about 61 miles (100km) wide
caldera volcano
focus or source of earthquake
hypocenter
above the focus of earthquake
epicenter
earthquakes that is 0-43 miles (0-70 km) below ground
shallow
earthquakes that is 43-186 miles (70-300km) below ground
intermediate
earthquakes that is deeper than 186miles (300 km) below ground
deep
formed when magma from within the earth cools and solidifies, like granite, basalt, obsidian
ingeneous rocks
igneous that solidify beneath earth
intrusive
igneous that solidify in the surface
extrusive
rocks formed from sediments, like limestone,sandstone, shale
sedimentary rock
sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been transformed by heat, pressure or both, like schist,marble, slate
metamorphic rock
breaking down of rocks by physical or chemical means giving rise to sediments or other rock fragments
weathering
weathering that water expands when it freezes
frost wedging
weathering that breaks off into leaves or sheets along joints which parallel the ground surface; unloading
exfoliation
weathering that repeated daily heating and cooling of rock
thermal expansion
rocks reacts with water, gases and solutions (may be acidic); will add or remove elements from minerals
chemical weathering
common minerals that dissolve in water : halite, calcite
dissolution or solution
contain calcite and soluble in acidic water
limestone and marble
cave formations
speleothems
travertine that hang from ceiling
stalactites
travertine thats on the ground
stalagmites
forms on limestone terrain and characterized ves, sinkholes, springs, disappearing streams
krast topography
oxygen combines with iron- bearing silicate minerals causing rusting
oxidation
organisms that assist in breaking down rock into sediment or soil, like : roots, lichens, fungi, animals
biological wetahering
rock fragments and sediments are carried along by such agents as wind and running water
erosion
rock fragments and sediments are carried by agents of erosion are dropped or deposited in other places
deposition
rock fragments and other minerals that accumulated, usually at bottom of thick column of water,get cemented together and harden into rock
compacting
change in constitution of rock brought about by pressure, heat and chemical action resulting in a more compact and highly crystalline condition of rock
metamorphism
solid, inorganic substances in earth
- building block of rocks
- like gold, silver, limestone, clay, quartz
minerals
minerals or pearls that have been cut or polished
gems
most valuable gems, like diamonds, rubies, emerald
precious stones
