Earth History 8E21 - Fossils & Geologic Time Flashcards
remains or traces of animals, plants and other organisms from the past; usually at least 10000 years old
Fossils
fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to determine the date of the rock layer in which it was found
Index Fossil
a fossil that must be studied microscopically
microfossil
forms when sediments bury an organism and the sediments change into rock; the organism decays leaving a cavity in the shape of the organism
mold fossil
forms when the mud or sand hardens to stone where a footprint, trail, or burrow of an organism was left behind
trace fossil
forms when entire organisms or parts of organisms are prevented from decaying by being trapped in rock, ice, tar, or amber
preserved fossil
forms when organisms or parts, like leaves, stems, flowers, fish, are pressed between layers of soft mud or clay that hardens squeezing almost all the decaying organism away leaving the carbon imprint in the rock
carbonized fossil
forms when a mold is filled with sand or mud that hardens into the shape of the organism
cast fossil
forms when minerals soak into the buried remains, replacing the remains, and changing them into rock
petrified fossil (permineralized fossil)
measurement of the known rates of decay of radioactive materials that an object contains in order to determine the age of the object
Absolute (radioactive)Dating
states that in undisturbed rock layers that newer layer will be deposited over older layers
Law of Superposition
states rock layers that cut across other rock layers are younger than those they cut
Law of Crosscutting Relationships
determining the age or order of things from the past or past events without knowing or calculating the actual age
Relative Age Dating
rock formed by deposition of sand, clay and other pieces of rock that are compacted together under pressure
Sedimentary rock
radioactive heavy metal that is an abundant source of nuclear energy (14 known isotopes, used in radioactive dating)
uranium
fracture along which blocks of the Earth’s crust that can be caused by the shifting or dislodging of the Earth’s crust. Types include normal, strike slip, or reverse
Fault
system of chronological measurement that relate to the history of events in Earth’s past, consisting of fossils and major events
Geologic Time Scale
a core sample of ice removed from a sheet of ice. Properties of the ice and the crystallized components in the ice are used to reconstruct climatic record
Ice Core
type of rock formed under or above ground when magma or lava cools
Igneous rocks
rock created from the transformation of other types of rock through heat and pressure
Metamorphic rock
the crust that makes up the continents
Continental Plate
the change in a geographic area caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains forming, and other natural phenomena.
Geographic Change
the study of the rocks, processes, and history of Earth
Geology
the part of Earth’s crust that underlies the oceans
Oceanic Plate
the movement or study of the movement of Earth’s crust (the movement of the tectonic plates is responsible for geologic and subsequent biologic change over time)
Plate Tectonics
more dense tectonic plate dives under another, forms trench, causes volcanos, and earthquakes (Andes Mountains)
convergent plate boundary
process in which sediment is laid down in new locations (via glaciers, water, wind, gravity)
deposition
two plates moving away from each other, separating, spreading apart
divergent plate boundary