Earth from a larger Perspective Flashcards
1
Q
a stony meteorite that haven’t undergone melting, spherical silicate
A
chondrites
2
Q
is a long-surmised and recently (1992) confirmed outer asteroid belt of rock and ice objects orbiting beyond Neptune
A
Kuiper Belt
3
Q
fixed face of the of a moon that we always see
A
titan lock
4
Q
The burning of helium to produce heavier elements then continues for about 1 million years. Largely, it is fused into carbon via the triple-alpha process in which three helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) are transformed. The alpha process then combines helium with carbon to produce heavier elements, but only those with an even number of protons.
A
Fusion of Heavier Elements
5
Q
Name 3 changes in Earth’s movement and how long it takes.
A
Changes in Eccentricity (shape) - 100,000-year cycle (varies between 0.0034 to 0.058
Changes in obliquity (tilt) - 41,000-year cycles (22.1-24.5 degrees relative to the orbital plane
axial precession (wobble) - 26,000-year cycles
6
Q
Our ____ consists of 8 planets, more than 100 moons, a belt of asteroids, and millions of comets, all of which orbit the Sun
A
solar system
7
Q
They found an unusually high amount of ____ in sedimentary rocks laid down at the K–Pg boundary.
A
iridium
8
Q
Paleontologists have discovered evidence of bacteria in rocks as old as ____ billion years
A
3.6
9
Q
are variable stars which show both periodic and random fluctuations in their brightnesses.
A
T-Tauri Phase
10
Q
contains large crystals of olivine, gem grade, yellow to orange-yellow
A
pallasites
11
Q
asteroid belts large asteroids achondrites
A
Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite (HED)
12
Q
If the remnant of the explosion is 1.4 to about 3 times as massive as our Sun, it will become a neutron star
A
supernova
13
Q
is the primary driver of Earth’s climate system
A
sun
14
Q
age of the moon
A
4.5 million years old
15
Q
Many astronomers regard __ as merely the largest of the Kuiper Belt objects
A
Pluto
16
Q
ordinary chondrite, found in lanao central mindanao, brecciated
A
Pantar Meteorite
17
Q
the moon minimizes Earth’s wobble in the axis which has helped ___ seasonal extremes between summer and winter.
A
reduced
18
Q
combination of _____ causes ozone molecules (O3) to chemically break down into free oxygen (O2)
A
CFCs and UV radiation
19
Q
nuclear reactions within the Sun release what is known as
A
electromagnetic radiation
20
Q
hydrogen and he gas percentage in the Composition of the Solar System
A
98%
21
Q
achondrite that has retained its chrondic characteristics
A
primitive
22
Q
white, CA rich anorthosite that is visible on the moon
A
lunar highlands
23
Q
a stony meteorite that has undergone partial melting
A
achondrites
24
Q
is the pattern that appears when the actual brightness (or absolute magnitude) and color (or color index) of many stars are plotted against each other.
A
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
25
age of universe
~13.61 Ga
26
Hydrogen Compounds percentage in the Composition of the Solar System
1.4%
27
temperature within the sun
~17,000,000 degrees celsius
28
(AU)
Semi-major axis in astronomical units: 1 AU = 149.6 million km, the distance from the Earth to the Sun
29
is the study of the movements and relative
positions of celestial objects interpreted as having an
influence on human affairs and the natural world
astrology
30
The planets formed ____ to the sun contained mainly metallic iron and a few minerals with very high melting temperatures, with little water or gas
nearest
31
Metals percentage in the composition of the solar system
0.2%
32
The white, fuzzy-looking features in it are ________ some of the first solids to condense in the solar system.
calcium-aluminum inclusions, or CAIs
33
jovian planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
34
Of particular concern is radiation in the ultraviolet (UV) portion of the spectrum as these higher-energy wavelengths damage the cell tissue of carbon-based life-forms
Electromagnetic Radiation
35
rock and various minerals percentage in the Composition of the Solar System
0.4%
36
mass distribution within our Solar System of planets
0.135%
37
are relatively small bodies, 0.6 to 6 miles (1–10 km) in diameter, composed of small rocky fragments embedded in a mass of ice and frozen gases
comets
38
A star at the end of its life cycle will typically collapse in on itself and, if it has sufficient mass, will explode violently in what is called a ______
supernova
39
shortest distance from earth to sun
January Perihelion (147.1 million km)
40
is the science of the origin and development of
the universe. Modern cosmology is dominated by the Big
Bang theory, which brings together observational astronomy
and particle physics.
cosmology
41
Our Sun lies within a spiral galaxy known as the _____, which is estimated to contain 200 to 400 billion stars
Milky Way Galaxy
42
5 global agreements
Montreal Protocol, 1987
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),1992
Kyoto Protocol, 2005
Paris Agreement, 2015
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1988)
43
named after the Roman goddess of the harvest, of growing plants,
and motherly love. It is the smallest of the dwarf planets. .
ceres
44
three types of meteorites
stony
stony-iron
iron
45
from core of meteorites looks the same as enargite and luzonite (easy to identify)
Iron meteorites
46
is the study of the landforms, processes, and materials of solid-surface celestial bodies including planets, their satellites, and minor bodies (asteroids and comets).
Planetary geology or, alternatively, astrogeology or
exogeology,
47
what causes climate change?
natural cause of climate change, increased global atmosphere concentration of CO2 leads to global warming and then climate change
48
two classifications of planets
terrestrial and gas planets (jovian)
49
a system of millions or billions of stars held together by
gravity
galaxy
50
Moon’s ___ has a very strong effect on ocean tides, which, in turn, influence important processes that take place where the marine and terrestrial (land) environments meet
gravitational field
51
relatively small, dense, rocky planets closest to the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) – and their satellites, and a belt of asteroids, which are small, planet-like bodies in orbit beyond mars.
Terrestrial planets
52
pyroxene, highly reduced chondrites that are black or greenish black
enstatite
53
more than _____ meteorites have been found on earth
600,000
54
First proposed in 1927 by a Belgian priest, Georges Lemaitre, states that all matter in the universe had at one time existed at a single point.
Big Bang Theory
55
IAU
international astronomical union
56
fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores. About 90 percent of the stars in the universe, including the sun. These stars can range from about a tenth of the mass of the sun to up to 200 times as massive.
Main Sequence
57
rock containing amounts of iron collision of metal rich and silica rich asteroids and brecciated (stony-iron)
mesosiderites
58
was named after the Greek goddess of discord and strife
Eris (UB313)
59
solar system hazards
asteroid and comet impacts
electromagnetic radiation
gamma ray burst
60
What is a planet?
the definition for a planet is now officially known as "a celestial body that
a) is in orbit around the Sun
b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape
c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.
61
Some of the factors which are believed to have been critical in helping Earth maintains a stable environment so that life could evolve;
1. Energy output from the Sun has remained fairly steady, allowing Earth to have a more stable climate.
2. Earth’s internal heat and plate tectonics helps regulate the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)
3. Jupiter’s large size has helped clear asteroids and comets from Earth’s orbit, reducing the number of large, catastrophic impacts that would alter the global climate.
4. The Moon has reduced the wobble in Earth’s axis, thereby helping to stabilize Earth’s climate.
62
travels outward from the Sun in all directions until it strikes a solid object, at which point it is converted into thermal or heat energy.
electromagnetic energy/solar energy/sunlight
63
branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole.
astronomy
64
is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to
climate change. It was established to provide policymakers
with regular scientific assessments on the current state of
knowledge about climate change.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1988)
65
describe how relatively slight changes in Earth's movement affect the planet's climate.
Milankovitch cycle
66
In 1929, ______ proved that all the galaxies are moving
from one another
Edwin Hubble
67
Mesosiderite found on the Bondoc Peninsula, 850 kg was recovered, 550 kg is now housed at the Center for meteorite studies
Bondoc Meteorite
68
is a celestial body that
(a) is in orbit around the Sun,
(b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape,
(c) has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and
(d) is not a satellite
dwarf planet
69
all the planets are orbiting the sun counterclockwise and rotating on their axis counterclockwise, except
venus and uranus
70
one of the largest impact crater found on Earth and is believed
to be a major factor in the extinction of the dinosaurs found Yucatan Penninsula in Mexico
Chicxulub impact
71
Immense gravity causes hydrogen atoms to undergo _____ and form helium atoms
nuclear fusion
72
a contracting mass of gas which represents an early stage in the formation of a star, before nucleosynthesis has begun
protostar
73
The 160.17-gram H3-4 breccia ordinary chondrite specimen is the first meteorite to be part of the museum’s National Geological and Paleontological collections. fell on March 7, 2011 in Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro.
Orconuma Meteorite
74
a short-lived burst of very high energy waves from the gamma-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
gamma ray burst
75
adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, was the first legally binding climate treaty. It required developed countries to reduce emissions by an average of 5 percent below 1990 levels, and established a system to monitor countries’ progress. But the treaty did not compel developing countries, including major carbon emitters China and India, to take action. The United States signed the agreement in 1998 but never ratified it and later withdrew its signature
Kyoto Protocol (2005)
76
mg-si composition chondrites, clas supported, large crystal iron or silica, >10-15 matrix
ordinary chondrites
77
longest distance from Earth to Sun
July Aphelion (152.1 million km)
78
consists of the mass and energy which fils the solar system
interplanetary medium
79
a body of rock and/or metal that is smaller than a planet or asteroid
meteoroid
80
It is an international environmental treaty addressing climate change, negotiated and signed by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992
81
Contends that life is probably common throughout the universe, but complex animal life similar to Earth’s is likely to be exceedingly rare. True or false?
true
82
a large ball of gas composed mainly of hydrogen and helium
sun
83
A planet with abundant large craters is a sign that its surface
is of ______
great age
84
The most significant global climate agreement to date, requires all countries to set emissions-reduction pledges. Governments set targets, known as nationally determined contributions, with the goals of preventing the global average temperature from rising 2°C (3.6°F) above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to keep it below 1.5°C (2.7°F). It also aims to reach global net-zero emissions, where the amount of greenhouse gases emitted equals the amount removed from the atmosphere, in the second half ofthe century. (This is also known as being climate neutral or carbon neutral.)
Paris Agreement, 2015
85
from (?) mars achondrites
martian
86
Most asteroids lie in what is known as the main asteroid belt between
_____and _____
Mars and Jupiter
87
The semi-major axis is half the length of the long axis of the object's orbit, and is its _____
average distance from the sun
88
an Earth-like planet needs a stable environment over a short period of geologic time so that complex life can evolve from more primitive forms. true or false
false
89
are small bodies that orbit the Sun, but are different in that they are composed primarily of rocky and metallic materials
asteroids
90
four types of processes that appreciably affect planetary surfaces:
1. Impact cratering
2. Volcanism
3. Tectonism
4. Atmosphere
91
Though not intended to tackle climate change, the Montreal Protocol was a historic environmental accord that became a model for future diplomacy on the issue. Every country in the world eventually ratified the treaty, which required them to stop producing substances that damage the ozone layer, such as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The protocol has succeeded in eliminating nearly 99 percent of these ozone-depleting substances. In 2016, parties agreed via the Kigali Amendment to also reduce their production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
powerful greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.
Montreal Protocol, 1987
92
is the application of physics to understand
astronomy
astrophysics
93
mass distribution within our Solar System of Sun
99.86%
94
Based on evolutionary changes recorded in the
geologic rock record, most biologists believe that
the complex plant and animal life we see today
ultimately had evolved from ____
extremophile bacteria.
95
a solid piece of debris that originated in outer space and survived its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon
Meteorite
96
all solar system objects formed from a rotating cloud of dust and gas called a nebula
the nebular hypothesis
97
is a dying star in the last stages of stellar evolution
Red Giant
98
these are rough and iron materials type of meteorites
stony-iron meteorites
99
It is the largest carbonaceous chondrite ever found on Earth. The fireball was witnessed at 01:05 on February 8, 1969, falling over the Pueblito de Allende in the Mexican State of Chihuahua. "the
best-studied meteorite in history.“ It contains chondrules and CAIs that are estimated to be 4.567 billion years old, the oldest known solids to have formed in the Solar System.
Allende Meteorite
100
They orbit 60 degrees ahead of or behind Jupiter, in the same orbit.
Trojan asteroids
101
the sun binds the system together by means of _____. this keeps the other 0.14% components in revolution.
gravitational attraction
102
derived from moon achondrites
lunar
103
black basaltic, or lava flows we can see on the moon
lunar maria
