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Environmental Geology > Earth from a larger Perspective > Flashcards

Earth from a larger Perspective Flashcards

1
Q

a stony meteorite that haven’t undergone melting, spherical silicate

A

chondrites

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2
Q

is a long-surmised and recently (1992) confirmed outer asteroid belt of rock and ice objects orbiting beyond Neptune

A

Kuiper Belt

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3
Q

fixed face of the of a moon that we always see

A

titan lock

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4
Q

The burning of helium to produce heavier elements then continues for about 1 million years. Largely, it is fused into carbon via the triple-alpha process in which three helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) are transformed. The alpha process then combines helium with carbon to produce heavier elements, but only those with an even number of protons.

A

Fusion of Heavier Elements

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5
Q

Name 3 changes in Earth’s movement and how long it takes.

A

Changes in Eccentricity (shape) - 100,000-year cycle (varies between 0.0034 to 0.058
Changes in obliquity (tilt) - 41,000-year cycles (22.1-24.5 degrees relative to the orbital plane
axial precession (wobble) - 26,000-year cycles

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6
Q

Our ____ consists of 8 planets, more than 100 moons, a belt of asteroids, and millions of comets, all of which orbit the Sun

A

solar system

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7
Q

They found an unusually high amount of ____ in sedimentary rocks laid down at the K–Pg boundary.

A

iridium

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8
Q

Paleontologists have discovered evidence of bacteria in rocks as old as ____ billion years

A

3.6

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9
Q

are variable stars which show both periodic and random fluctuations in their brightnesses.

A

T-Tauri Phase

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10
Q

contains large crystals of olivine, gem grade, yellow to orange-yellow

A

pallasites

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11
Q

asteroid belts large asteroids achondrites

A

Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite (HED)

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12
Q

If the remnant of the explosion is 1.4 to about 3 times as massive as our Sun, it will become a neutron star

A

supernova

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13
Q

is the primary driver of Earth’s climate system

A

sun

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14
Q

age of the moon

A

4.5 million years old

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15
Q

Many astronomers regard __ as merely the largest of the Kuiper Belt objects

A

Pluto

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16
Q

ordinary chondrite, found in lanao central mindanao, brecciated

A

Pantar Meteorite

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17
Q

the moon minimizes Earth’s wobble in the axis which has helped ___ seasonal extremes between summer and winter.

A

reduced

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18
Q

combination of _____ causes ozone molecules (O3) to chemically break down into free oxygen (O2)

A

CFCs and UV radiation

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19
Q

nuclear reactions within the Sun release what is known as

A

electromagnetic radiation

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20
Q

hydrogen and he gas percentage in the Composition of the Solar System

A

98%

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21
Q

achondrite that has retained its chrondic characteristics

A

primitive

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22
Q

white, CA rich anorthosite that is visible on the moon

A

lunar highlands

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23
Q

a stony meteorite that has undergone partial melting

A

achondrites

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24
Q

is the pattern that appears when the actual brightness (or absolute magnitude) and color (or color index) of many stars are plotted against each other.

A

Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

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25
Q

age of universe

A

~13.61 Ga

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26
Q

Hydrogen Compounds percentage in the Composition of the Solar System

A

1.4%

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27
Q

temperature within the sun

A

~17,000,000 degrees celsius

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28
Q

(AU)

A

Semi-major axis in astronomical units: 1 AU = 149.6 million km, the distance from the Earth to the Sun

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29
Q

is the study of the movements and relative
positions of celestial objects interpreted as having an
influence on human affairs and the natural world

A

astrology

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30
Q

The planets formed ____ to the sun contained mainly metallic iron and a few minerals with very high melting temperatures, with little water or gas

A

nearest

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31
Q

Metals percentage in the composition of the solar system

A

0.2%

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32
Q

The white, fuzzy-looking features in it are ________ some of the first solids to condense in the solar system.

A

calcium-aluminum inclusions, or CAIs

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33
Q

jovian planets

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

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34
Q

Of particular concern is radiation in the ultraviolet (UV) portion of the spectrum as these higher-energy wavelengths damage the cell tissue of carbon-based life-forms

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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35
Q

rock and various minerals percentage in the Composition of the Solar System

A

0.4%

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36
Q

mass distribution within our Solar System of planets

A

0.135%

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37
Q

are relatively small bodies, 0.6 to 6 miles (1–10 km) in diameter, composed of small rocky fragments embedded in a mass of ice and frozen gases

A

comets

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38
Q

A star at the end of its life cycle will typically collapse in on itself and, if it has sufficient mass, will explode violently in what is called a ______

A

supernova

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39
Q

shortest distance from earth to sun

A

January Perihelion (147.1 million km)

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40
Q

is the science of the origin and development of
the universe. Modern cosmology is dominated by the Big
Bang theory, which brings together observational astronomy
and particle physics.

A

cosmology

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41
Q

Our Sun lies within a spiral galaxy known as the _____, which is estimated to contain 200 to 400 billion stars

A

Milky Way Galaxy

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42
Q

5 global agreements

A

Montreal Protocol, 1987
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),1992
Kyoto Protocol, 2005
Paris Agreement, 2015
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1988)

43
Q

named after the Roman goddess of the harvest, of growing plants,
and motherly love. It is the smallest of the dwarf planets. .

A

ceres

44
Q

three types of meteorites

A

stony
stony-iron
iron

45
Q

from core of meteorites looks the same as enargite and luzonite (easy to identify)

A

Iron meteorites

46
Q

is the study of the landforms, processes, and materials of solid-surface celestial bodies including planets, their satellites, and minor bodies (asteroids and comets).

A

Planetary geology or, alternatively, astrogeology or
exogeology,

47
Q

what causes climate change?

A

natural cause of climate change, increased global atmosphere concentration of CO2 leads to global warming and then climate change

48
Q

two classifications of planets

A

terrestrial and gas planets (jovian)

49
Q

a system of millions or billions of stars held together by
gravity

A

galaxy

50
Q

Moon’s ___ has a very strong effect on ocean tides, which, in turn, influence important processes that take place where the marine and terrestrial (land) environments meet

A

gravitational field

51
Q

relatively small, dense, rocky planets closest to the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) – and their satellites, and a belt of asteroids, which are small, planet-like bodies in orbit beyond mars.

A

Terrestrial planets

52
Q

pyroxene, highly reduced chondrites that are black or greenish black

A

enstatite

53
Q

more than _____ meteorites have been found on earth

A

600,000

54
Q

First proposed in 1927 by a Belgian priest, Georges Lemaitre, states that all matter in the universe had at one time existed at a single point.

A

Big Bang Theory

55
Q

IAU

A

international astronomical union

56
Q

fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores. About 90 percent of the stars in the universe, including the sun. These stars can range from about a tenth of the mass of the sun to up to 200 times as massive.

A

Main Sequence

57
Q

rock containing amounts of iron collision of metal rich and silica rich asteroids and brecciated (stony-iron)

A

mesosiderites

58
Q

was named after the Greek goddess of discord and strife

A

Eris (UB313)

59
Q

solar system hazards

A

asteroid and comet impacts
electromagnetic radiation
gamma ray burst

60
Q

What is a planet?

A

the definition for a planet is now officially known as “a celestial body that
a) is in orbit around the Sun
b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape
c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.

61
Q

Some of the factors which are believed to have been critical in helping Earth maintains a stable environment so that life could evolve;

A
  1. Energy output from the Sun has remained fairly steady, allowing Earth to have a more stable climate.
  2. Earth’s internal heat and plate tectonics helps regulate the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)
  3. Jupiter’s large size has helped clear asteroids and comets from Earth’s orbit, reducing the number of large, catastrophic impacts that would alter the global climate.
  4. The Moon has reduced the wobble in Earth’s axis, thereby helping to stabilize Earth’s climate.
62
Q

travels outward from the Sun in all directions until it strikes a solid object, at which point it is converted into thermal or heat energy.

A

electromagnetic energy/solar energy/sunlight

63
Q

branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole.

A

astronomy

64
Q

is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to
climate change. It was established to provide policymakers
with regular scientific assessments on the current state of
knowledge about climate change.

A

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1988)

65
Q

describe how relatively slight changes in Earth’s movement affect the planet’s climate.

A

Milankovitch cycle

66
Q

In 1929, ______ proved that all the galaxies are moving
from one another

A

Edwin Hubble

67
Q

Mesosiderite found on the Bondoc Peninsula, 850 kg was recovered, 550 kg is now housed at the Center for meteorite studies

A

Bondoc Meteorite

68
Q

is a celestial body that
(a) is in orbit around the Sun,
(b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape,
(c) has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and
(d) is not a satellite

A

dwarf planet

69
Q

all the planets are orbiting the sun counterclockwise and rotating on their axis counterclockwise, except

A

venus and uranus

70
Q

one of the largest impact crater found on Earth and is believed
to be a major factor in the extinction of the dinosaurs found Yucatan Penninsula in Mexico

A

Chicxulub impact

71
Q

Immense gravity causes hydrogen atoms to undergo _____ and form helium atoms

A

nuclear fusion

72
Q

a contracting mass of gas which represents an early stage in the formation of a star, before nucleosynthesis has begun

A

protostar

73
Q

The 160.17-gram H3-4 breccia ordinary chondrite specimen is the first meteorite to be part of the museum’s National Geological and Paleontological collections. fell on March 7, 2011 in Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro.

A

Orconuma Meteorite

74
Q

a short-lived burst of very high energy waves from the gamma-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

A

gamma ray burst

75
Q

adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, was the first legally binding climate treaty. It required developed countries to reduce emissions by an average of 5 percent below 1990 levels, and established a system to monitor countries’ progress. But the treaty did not compel developing countries, including major carbon emitters China and India, to take action. The United States signed the agreement in 1998 but never ratified it and later withdrew its signature

A

Kyoto Protocol (2005)

76
Q

mg-si composition chondrites, clas supported, large crystal iron or silica, >10-15 matrix

A

ordinary chondrites

77
Q

longest distance from Earth to Sun

A

July Aphelion (152.1 million km)

78
Q

consists of the mass and energy which fils the solar system

A

interplanetary medium

79
Q

a body of rock and/or metal that is smaller than a planet or asteroid

A

meteoroid

80
Q

It is an international environmental treaty addressing climate change, negotiated and signed by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992

A

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992

81
Q

Contends that life is probably common throughout the universe, but complex animal life similar to Earth’s is likely to be exceedingly rare. True or false?

A

true

82
Q

a large ball of gas composed mainly of hydrogen and helium

A

sun

83
Q

A planet with abundant large craters is a sign that its surface
is of ______

A

great age

84
Q

The most significant global climate agreement to date, requires all countries to set emissions-reduction pledges. Governments set targets, known as nationally determined contributions, with the goals of preventing the global average temperature from rising 2°C (3.6°F) above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to keep it below 1.5°C (2.7°F). It also aims to reach global net-zero emissions, where the amount of greenhouse gases emitted equals the amount removed from the atmosphere, in the second half ofthe century. (This is also known as being climate neutral or carbon neutral.)

A

Paris Agreement, 2015

85
Q

from (?) mars achondrites

A

martian

86
Q

Most asteroids lie in what is known as the main asteroid belt between
_____and _____

A

Mars and Jupiter

87
Q

The semi-major axis is half the length of the long axis of the object’s orbit, and is its _____

A

average distance from the sun

88
Q

an Earth-like planet needs a stable environment over a short period of geologic time so that complex life can evolve from more primitive forms. true or false

A

false

89
Q

are small bodies that orbit the Sun, but are different in that they are composed primarily of rocky and metallic materials

A

asteroids

90
Q

four types of processes that appreciably affect planetary surfaces:

A
  1. Impact cratering
  2. Volcanism
  3. Tectonism
  4. Atmosphere
91
Q

Though not intended to tackle climate change, the Montreal Protocol was a historic environmental accord that became a model for future diplomacy on the issue. Every country in the world eventually ratified the treaty, which required them to stop producing substances that damage the ozone layer, such as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The protocol has succeeded in eliminating nearly 99 percent of these ozone-depleting substances. In 2016, parties agreed via the Kigali Amendment to also reduce their production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
powerful greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.

A

Montreal Protocol, 1987

92
Q

is the application of physics to understand
astronomy

A

astrophysics

93
Q

mass distribution within our Solar System of Sun

A

99.86%

94
Q

Based on evolutionary changes recorded in the
geologic rock record, most biologists believe that
the complex plant and animal life we see today
ultimately had evolved from ____

A

extremophile bacteria.

95
Q

a solid piece of debris that originated in outer space and survived its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon

A

Meteorite

96
Q

all solar system objects formed from a rotating cloud of dust and gas called a nebula

A

the nebular hypothesis

97
Q

is a dying star in the last stages of stellar evolution

A

Red Giant

98
Q

these are rough and iron materials type of meteorites

A

stony-iron meteorites

99
Q

It is the largest carbonaceous chondrite ever found on Earth. The fireball was witnessed at 01:05 on February 8, 1969, falling over the Pueblito de Allende in the Mexican State of Chihuahua. “the
best-studied meteorite in history.“ It contains chondrules and CAIs that are estimated to be 4.567 billion years old, the oldest known solids to have formed in the Solar System.

A

Allende Meteorite

100
Q

They orbit 60 degrees ahead of or behind Jupiter, in the same orbit.

A

Trojan asteroids

101
Q

the sun binds the system together by means of _____. this keeps the other 0.14% components in revolution.

A

gravitational attraction

102
Q

derived from moon achondrites

A

lunar

103
Q

black basaltic, or lava flows we can see on the moon

A

lunar maria

Environmental Geology (5 decks)

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