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Ms. Pollak's Class > Earth and Space Semester 1 Final > Flashcards

Earth and Space Semester 1 Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is Astronomy?

A

The study of celestial objects and phenomena beyond Earth’s atmosphere.

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2
Q

What defines Astrophysics?

A

The study of the physical properties and processes of celestial objects.

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3
Q

What is the primary focus of Meteorology?

A

The study of the Earth’s atmosphere and weather forecasting

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4
Q

What does Atmospheric Chemistry study?

A

The chemical composition and interactions within Earth’s atmosphere

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5
Q

What does Paleontology focus on?

A

The study of fossils and ancient life forms to reconstruct past environments.

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6
Q

What does Geochemistry examine?

A

The chemical composition and interactions of Earth materials.

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7
Q

What is the main focus of Oceanography?

A

The study of the physical, chemical, biological, and geological aspects of the oceans

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8
Q

What distinguishes Marine Geology from General Geology?

A

Marine geology studies the geological features and processes of the ocean floor.

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9
Q

What does Environmental Science aim to address?

A

The interactions between human activities and the environment.

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10
Q

What is the focus of Environmental Soil Science?

A

The study of soil chemistry and its effects on environmental health and land use

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11
Q

The first step in the scientific method is to make an _______ about a phenomenon or problem.

A

Observation

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12
Q

To test the hypothesis, an experiment is designed where the scientist manipulates the _______ variable and measures its effect on the _______ variable

A

Independent, Dependent

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13
Q

The factor that is kept constant throughout the experiment is called the _______ variable

A

Control

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14
Q

In a well-designed experiment, a _______ group is used as a baseline to compare with the experimental group.

A

Control

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15
Q

How many millimeters are in 3 centimeters?

A

30mm

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16
Q

Convert 500 grams to kilograms

A

0.5kg

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17
Q

1,000 millimeters is equivalent to 1 meter

A

true

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18
Q

100 milliliters is equivalent to 0.1 liters.

A

true

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19
Q

0.75 meters is equal to 75 centimeters.

A

true

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20
Q

0.00000023 converted to scientific notation is 2.3 x 10 ^6.

A

false

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21
Q

This scientific study of the universe is called:

A

Astronomy

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22
Q

By studying the universe, _________________ have learned more about the origin of the Earth and the formation of our solar system.

A

Astronomers

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23
Q

This is the study of the origin, properties, processes, and the evolution of the universe:

A

Cosmology

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24
Q

In 1609, _____________________ invented a telescope he used to look at the moon.

A

Galileo

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25
Q

In the mid-1600’s, ________________ invented the first reflecting telescope.

A

Newton

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26
Q

Considered a pioneer in astronomy, _________________ is best known for his three laws of planetary motion.

A

Kepler

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27
Q

____________ was a giant explosion which began the universe about 14 billion years ago.

A

Big Bang

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28
Q

____________ is a large collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity.

A

a galaxy

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29
Q

____________ is the galaxy in which we live

A

a galaxy

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30
Q

____________ is part of a galaxy that includes the Sun, planets (including Earth), asteroids, and comets

A

the solar system

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31
Q

____________ is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.

A

astronomical unit

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32
Q

____________ is the distance light travels in one year.

A

light years

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33
Q

____________ is the arrangement of electromagnetic waves.

A

electromagnetic spectrum

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34
Q

____________ is the electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths that the human eye can see.

A

Visible light

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35
Q

____________ is one of the small dots or squares that make up an image on a computer screen.

A

Pixel

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36
Q

____________ is facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.

A

Data

37
Q

The Earth has how many standard time zones?

A

24

38
Q

Each time zone covers how many degrees?

A

15

39
Q

Each zone is how many hours earlier than the zone to the east?

A

1

40
Q

What is the line where the date changes called?

A

International Date Line

41
Q

The Prime Meridian is in Greenwich, England, and is how many degrees longitude?

A

0

42
Q

Earth’s Axis is tilted at 23.5 degrees and always points toward what star?

A

North

43
Q

What is a large cloud of interstellar gas and dust that collapses on itself, due to its own gravity, and forms a hot, condensed object that will become a new star?

A

Nebula

44
Q

What is a hot, condensed object at the center of a nebula that will become a new star when nuclear fusion reactions begin?

A

Protostar

45
Q

What is a spinning neutron star that exhibits a pulsing pattern?

A

Pulsar

46
Q

What is a massive explosion that occurs when the outer layers of a star are blown off?

A

Supernova

47
Q

What is the process wherein light elements such as helium and hydrogen form?

A

Nuclear Fusion

48
Q

What is the process where elements heavier than iron are formed?

A

r-process

49
Q

What is the process by which elements are created within a star?

A

Nucleosynthesis

50
Q

What happens in massive stars which convert hydrogen into helium?

A

Hydrogen Fusion

51
Q

What is the process by which three Helium-4 nuclei are converted into Carbon in red giant stars?

A

Triple-Alpha process

52
Q

What happens when there is a slow rate of capturing neutrons while there is a faster rate of radioactive decay?

A

s-process

53
Q

A __________ is a large celestial body that is composed of gas and that emits light.

A

star

54
Q

Astronomers learn about stars primarily by the __________ that the stars emit.

A

light

55
Q

The three types of spectra are _________ (bright line), continuous, and _________ (dark line).

A

emission and absorption

56
Q

The most common elements found in stars are __________ and __________

A

hydrogen and helium

57
Q

The surface temperature of a star is indicated by the star’s __________.

A

color

58
Q

__________ colored stars are the hottest, above 30,000 degrees Celsius.

A

blue

59
Q

__________ colored stars range from 10,000 degrees Celsius to 30,000 degrees Celsius.

A

white

60
Q

Our Sun is a __________ colored star.

A

yellow

61
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

The process where lighter elements like hydrogen fuse to form heavier elements like helium, releasing energy.

62
Q

Which layer of the Sun is where nuclear fusion occurs?

A

core

63
Q

What happens in the Sun’s core?

A

Nuclear fusion occurs, producing energy.

64
Q

What happens in the Sun’s radiative zone?

A

Energy is transferred outward through radiation

65
Q

What happens in the Sun’s convective zone?

A

Energy is transferred via convection currents

66
Q

Which layer of the Sun is visible to the naked eye?

A

Photosphere

67
Q

What is the primary function of the chromosphere of the Sun?

A

It emits a red glow during solar eclipses.

68
Q

What happens in the corona of the Sun?

A

It is the outermost layer, emitting solar wind and highly charged particles.

69
Q

What are sunspots?

A

Dark spots caused by cooler regions of the Sun’s photosphere

70
Q

What are coronal mass ejections (CMEs)?

A

Large eruptions of charged particles from the Sun’s corona.

71
Q

What protects Earth from the solar wind?

A

Earth’s magnetic field

72
Q

What is the solar cycle (or sunspot cycle)?

A

The 11-year cycle of solar activity, including sunspots, solar flares, and CMEs.

73
Q

What are solar prominences?

A

Large loops of gas and plasma that rise above the Sun’s surface

74
Q

What is helioseismology?

A

The study of sound waves traveling through the Sun to understand its internal structure.

75
Q

What causes auroras (Northern and Southern Lights)?

A

Solar wind interacting with Earth’s magnetic field.

76
Q

Which of the following is closest to the Sun, has no atmosphere, and is covered in impact craters?

A

Mercury

77
Q

Which planet is second closest to the Sun, has no moons, and is the hottest due to its thick acidic atmosphere?

A

Venus

78
Q

Which planet has one moon and a moderate temperature range with large bodies of liquid water?

A

Earth

79
Q

Which planet has two moons, great dust storms, and the largest volcano in the solar system?

A

Mars

80
Q

____________ has the largest rings in the solar system

A

Saturn

81
Q

____________ has geysers on its moon Triton that erupt with nitrogen gas

A

Neptune

82
Q

____________ is the largest planet in the solar system

A

Jupiter

83
Q

___________ looks like a rolling ball on its tilted axis.

A

Uranus

84
Q

Who is primarily associated with the development of the geocentric model of the universe?

A

Ptolemy

85
Q

In the geocentric model, what is at the center of the universe?

A

earth

86
Q

Which of the following best describes the geocentric model of the universe?

A

The Earth is at the center of the universe, and all celestial bodies revolve around it

87
Q

Who is primarily credited with proposing the heliocentric model of the universe?

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

88
Q

In the heliocentric model, what is at the center of the universe?

A

sun

89
Q

Which of the following best describes the heliocentric model of the universe?

A

The Earth revolves around the Sun, and other planets orbit the Sun

Ms. Pollak's Class (4 decks)

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